Abstract
The compulsory arbitration system of Australia and New Zealand, which inspired one American professor at the turn of the century to describe it as ‘the most notable experiment yet made in social democracy’, can be seen as the pinnacle of the antipodean social experiments which earned the colonies the title of ‘social laboratory of the world’ at the turn of the century.1 That Australasia was seen as a ‘laboratory’, particularly in the area of labour relations, can be attributed to the existence of similar reform movements in other advanced industrial capitalist countries.
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NOTES
M. B. Hammond, ‘Judicial Interpretation of the Minimum Wage in Australia’, Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, vol. XLVIII (June 1913) p.285; John Rickard, ‘Closing down the Social Laboratory: the Great’War and British and Australian Attitudes to Wage Regulation’, paper presented to Commonwealth Labour History Conference, Warwick University, 1981.
Brian Brooks, ‘Compulsory Arbitration versus Collective Bargaining — the Australian Experience’, International Business Lawyer, no. 7 (1979) p. 139.
This can be ascertained from reading journals such as the Survey, Life and Labor, American Labor Legislation Review, Journal of Political Economy, American Journal of Sociology, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, as well as books and pamphlets written by notable labour reformers.
William Graeber, Coalmining Safety in the Progressive Period: the Political Economy of Reform (Lexington, Ky., 1976) p. 9; see also William Graeber, ‘Federalism in the Progressive Era: A Structural Interpretation of Reform’, Journal of American History, no. 864 (June 1977) pp. 331–57.
Robert Connell and Terry Irving, Class Structures in Australian History (Melbourne, 1980) pp. 202, 200.
John Rickard, Class and Politics (Canberra, 1976) p. 206 et seq.; K. Buckley, ‘Arbitration — its History and Process’, Journal of Industrial Relations, no. 13 (March ty / 1) pp. yb—tuS.
Jim Holt, ‘The Political Origins of Compulsory Arbitration in New Zealand: A Comparison with Great Britain’, New Zealand Journal of History, no. 10 (October 1976) pp. 99–111, addresses this problem, but I am not persuaded by his explanation.
Mary Van Kleek, A Seasonal Industry: A Study of the Milinery Trade of New York (New York, 1917) pp. 179 et seq.
For American interest in Australasia in this period see, for example, US Dept. of Labor, ‘Labor Conditions in Australia’, Bureau of Labor Bulletin, no. 56 (January 1905) and New Zealand Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Law (Washington DC, 1900); Frank Parsons, The Story of New Zealand (Philadelphia, 1904); Henry Demarest Lloyd, Newest England (New York, 1900) and ibid., A Country without Strikes (New York, 1900), WealthAgainst Commonwealth (New York, 1894), ‘Australasian Cures for Coal Wars’, Atlantic Monthly, no. 90 (November 1902) pp. 667–74; Mary Chamberlain, ‘Settling Labor Disputes in Australia’, Survey (August 1914) pp. 455–8; Paul Kellogg, ‘A Minimum Wage Law for Immigrants’, Life and Labor, vol. 1 (March 1911) pp. 89–91; ‘Waiters and Wages Boards in Australia’, Life and Labor, vol. 3 (May 1913) p. 154; Samuel Gompers, ‘Australasian Labor Regulating Schemes’, American Federationist, vol. 22 (April 1915) pp. 253–63; Irene Osgood Andrews, ‘The Relation of Irregular Employment to the Living Wage for Women’, American Labor Legislation Review, vol. 5 (1915) pp. 287–418; Robert Askew, ‘A Land without Strikes?’, American Federationist, vol. 8 (May 1901) p. 158; Victor Clark, ‘Present State of Labour Legislation in Australia and New Zealand’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, no. 33 (March 1909) pp.216–23, and ‘Labour Conditions in New Zealand’, American Federationist, vol. 11 (January 1904) p. 26; Henry George, ‘Australia’, Cosmopolitan Magazine, no. 9 (January 1891) pp. 359 — 66; Florence Kelley, ‘Minimum-Wage Boards’, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 17 (November 1911) pp. 303–14; Paul Kennaday, ‘In Australia and New Zealand’, American Federationist, vol. 18 (November 1911) p. 912; Andrew McElroy, ‘The 8-Hour Day in Australia’, American Federationist, vol. 5 (June 1898) p. 67.
J. E. Isaac, ‘Lawyers and Industrial Relations’, in David Hambly and John Goldring (eds) Australian Lawyers and Social Change (Sydney, 1976) p. 340.
Ibid., pp. 322, 338.
Henry Bournes Higgins, ‘A New Province for Law and Order: Industrial Peace through Minimum Wage Arbitration’, Harvard Law Review (November 1915) p. 14.
Ibid., p. 23; Brooks, ‘Compulsory Arbitration’, p. 140; Isaac, ‘Lawyers and Industrial Relations’, p. 346.
Victor Clark, The Labour Movement in Australasia (New York, 1906) p. 307.
Harold Faulkner, The Decline of Laissez-Faire 1897–1917 (New York, 1959) p. 6; John Commons, ‘Is Class Conflict in America Growing and Is It Inevitable?’, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 13 (May 1908) pp. 756— 83; William Taft, ‘Labour and Capital’, address before Cooper’s Institute, New York, January 1908, in Leon Stein and Philip Taft (eds) Labor Politics: Collected Pamphlets, vol. 2 (New York, 1971); Herb Gutman, ‘The Workers’ Search for Power: Labour in the Gilded Age’, in H. Wayne Morgan (ed.) The Gilded Age (New York, 1963); Jeremy Brecher, Strike! (Boston, 1972); Bruno Ramirez, When Workers Fight: The Politics of Industrial Relations in the Progressive Era 1898–1916 (Westport, Conn., 1978); David Montgomery, Workers’ Control in America (New York, 1979).
John Commons, A History of the Labor Movement in the United States, vol. 3 (New York, 1918) p. xxvii.
Lloyd, Wealth against Commonwealth.
Leo Wolman, The Growth of American Trade Unions (New York, 1924) p. 85; Commons, History of Labor.
Mark Perlman, Labor Union Theories in America (Evanston, Ill., 1958); John Laslett, ‘The American Tradition of Labor Theory and Its Relevance to the Contemporary Working Class’, in Irving Horowitz et al. (eds) The American Working Class, Prospects for the 1980s (New Brunswick, NJ, 1981); Maurice Isserman, “‘God Bless Our American Institutions”: The Labor History of John R. Commons’, Labor History, vol. 17 (Summer 1976) pp.309–28.
Geoffrey Searle, The Quest for National Efficiency (Oxford, 1971).
Chris Wrigley, ‘The Government and Industrial Relations’, in Chris Wrigley (ed.) A History of British Industrial Relations 1875–1914 (Brighton, 1982) pp. 117–35.
Paul Craven, ‘An Impartial Umpire’: Industrial Relations and the Canadian State 1900–1911 (Toronto, 1980) p. 72.
C. Wright Mills, White Collar: The American Middle Classes (New York, 1951), is responsible for the concept of the ‘new’ middle class; see also Burton Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism (New York, 1981); James Gilbert, Work Without Salvation: America’s Intellectuals and Industrial Alienation 1880–1910 (Baltimore, 1977).
Milton Derber, The American Idea of Industrial Democracy 1865–1965 (Urbana, Ill., 1970); John McClymer, War and Welfare: Social Engineering in America 1890–1925 (Westport, Conn., 1980); James Gilbert, Designing the Industrial State: The Intellectual Pursuit of Collectivism in America 1880–1940 (Chicago, 1972); see, for example, John B. Andrews, ‘Progressive Tendencies in Labor Law Administration in America’, American Labor Legislation Review, vol. 3 (1913) pp.473–84.
Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Industrial Democracy, 2 vols (London, 1897), pp. 823, 850, 808, 807, 825, 824, 658–61, 842, 813–14.
Derber, American Idea of Industrial Democracy.
Alice Henfy, The Trade Union Woman (New York, 1915) pp. 263–4.
John R. Commons, Principles of Labor Legislation (New York, 1916).
Lloyd, Wealth Against Commonwealth; Commons, Principles, p. 169.
Henry Bournes Higgins, ‘A New Province for Law and Order’, Part II, Harvard Law Review, no. 32 (January 1919) pp. 216, 136, 197; Higgins, Part I, p. 25.
Louisa Mittelstadt, ‘Women Must Organise!’, Life and Labor, vol. 4 (April 1914); Daniel Nelson, Managers and Workers: Origins of the New Factory System in the US 1880–1920 (Madison, Wis. 1975); Alfred Chandler, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, Mass., 1977); Henry, Trade Union Woman.
Craven, ‘An Impartial Umpire’.
Clark, Labour Movement, pp. 111, 215, 305.
Lloyd, Country without Strikes, pp. 13–17, 170, 174–5.
Craig Campbell, ‘Liberalism in Australian History 1880–1920’, Arena, no.32–3 (1973) p. 98; T. H. Green, ‘Lecture on Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract’, Works of Thomas Hill Green, vol. III (London, 1891).
New South Wales, Report of the Royal Commission on Strikes (Sydney, 1891) p.34.
W. F. Willoughby, ‘The Philosophy of Labor Legislation’, American Labor Legislation Review, vol. 4 (1914) pp. 37–46.
Margaret Dreier Robins, ‘Newspaper Woman Protests Maternal Legislation — Reply’, Life and Labor, vol. 10 (March 1920) pp. 84–7; Gilbert, Designing the Industrial State.
Quoted in the Boston American, undated clipping in Alice Henry papers, National Library of Australia, MSS 1066/41.
Alice Henry, Women and the Labor Movement (New York, 1923) pp. 134— 5.
Craven, ‘An Impartial Umpire’, p. 191.
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© 1989 D. C. M. Platt
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Kirkby, D. (1989). The Australian Experiment of Compulsory Arbitration. In: Platt, D.C.M. (eds) Social Welfare 1850–1950. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10343-0_7
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