Abstract
Canadian housing policies, unlike efforts in health care, have attained no noteworthy apotheosis, can claim no triumphant prophets of legislated social experiment, and have often expressed fiscal rather than social considerations. In the extraordinary circumstances of the after-math of the 1917 Halifax explosion, the federal government did initiate the first public housing venture in Canada. That experiment, induced by devastation, was on its own until the construction of housing for munitions workers during the Second World War. The depression of the 1930s prompted housing legislation, but of limited social impact. Both the Dominion Housing Act (1935) and the National Housing Act (1938) basically worked through lending institutions, and were intended primarily to loosen the mortgage market and stimulate the construction of single-family detached dwellings.
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NOTES
John C. Weaver, ‘Reconstruction of the Richmond District in Halifax: A Canadian Episode in Public Housing and Town Planning, 1918–1921’, Plan Canada, no. 16 (1976) pp. 36–47.
For MacKenzie King see J. L. Granatstein, Canada’s War: The Politics of the MacKenzie King Government, 1939–1945 (Toronto, 1975) pp. 249–88; social democratic claims are well presented in the discussion on the Canadian old-age pension in Kenneth McNaught, A Prophet in politics: A Biography of J. S. Woodsworth (Toronto, 1967) pp. 218-20.
I am indebted to Mr John Bacher for calling my attention to the file of various housing reports in the Public Archives of Canada: Department of Labour, RG27, volume 3357, Citizens’ Committee on Housing, Housing in Halifax (Halifax, 1932).
P. Cutright, ‘Inequality: A Cross-National Analysis,’ American Sociological Review, no. 32 (1967), pp. 562–781; ibid., ‘Income Redistribution: A Cross-National Analysis,’ Social Forces, no. 46 (1967) pp. 180–90. See also Keith Banting, The Welfare State and Canadian Federalism (Montreal, 1982) pp. 31–3.
H. Wilensky, quoted in Banting, The Welfare State, p. 32.
John Bacher, ‘The Origins of a Non-Policy: The Development of the Assumption of a Housing Responsibility by the Canadian Federal Government’ (unpublished MA thesis, McMaster University, 1980) p. 32.
F. H. Leacy (ed.), Historical Statistics of Canada (second edition, Ottawa, 1983). For data on farm decline see farm population Series M 1–11, n.p.; farm holdings M12–22, n.p.; male workers, 67–77, n.p.; on contrary data see area of improved land M34–44, n.p.; seeded area M249–300, n.p.; poultry/meat M385–395, n.p.
Historical Statistics, Series H35–51, n.p.
Historical Statistics, Series G57–83, n.p.; (London) Times, 26 January 1933.
(London) Times, 25 July 1932.
H. Blair Neatley, ‘The Liberal Way: Fiscal and Monetary Policy in the 1930s,’ in Victor Hoare (ed.) The Great Depression: Essays and Memoirs from Canada and the United States (Toronto, 1969) pp. 103–6.
(London) Times, 1 November 1932, 25 May 1934.
Banting, The Welfare State, pp. 40–1.
Ibid., p. 68.
Bacher, ‘Origins of a Non-Policy’, pp. 114–17.
Citizens’ Committee on Housing, Housing in Halifax (Halifax, 1932); Toronto, Report of the Lieutenant Governor’s Committee on Housing Conditions in Toronto (Toronto, 1934); Montreal Board of Trade and Civic Improvement League, A Report on Housing and Slum Clearance for Montreal (Montreal, 1935).
Banting, The Welfare State, p. 109.
J. Murray Beck, Pendulum of Power: Canada’s Federal Elections (Scarborough, 1968). The most sustained period of social democratic influence occurred between January 1973 and May 1974 when the Liberal government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau relied upon the support of the New Democratic Party: see Richard Gwyn, The Northern Magus: Pierre Trudeau and Canadians (Markham, 1981) pp. 136–56.
John C. Weaver, ‘Order and Efficiency: Samuel Morley Wickett and the Urban Progressive Movement in Toronto,’ Ontario History, no. 69 (February, 1977) pp. 218–34.
John English, The Decline of Politics: The Conservatives and the Party System, 1901–20 (Toronto, 1977) pp. 50–2, 224–9.
J. L. Granatstein, The Ottawa Men: The Civil Service Mandarins, 1935–1957 (Toronto, 1982) p. 2.
Ibid., p. 32.
One of the best critiques of Louis Hartz was that of the Canadian historian Kenneth McNaught; McNaught’s own work, however, has an anglophile tendency that minimises the North American context of Canadian history. See Kenneth McNaught’s ‘Comment’ on Louis Hartz in John H. M. Laslett and Seymour Martin Lipset (eds) Failure of a Dream? Essays in the History of American Socialism (Berkeley, 1984) pp. 345–54.
Gad Horowitz, ‘Conservatism, Liberalism, and Socialism in Canada: An Interpretation’ in Hugh G. Thorburn (ed.) Party Politics in Canada (Scarborough, 1967).
On land tenure see, for Newfoundland, G. O. Rothney, Newfoundland: A History (Canadian Historical Association, Booklet No. 10, 1964); for Prince Edward Island, W. P. Bolger (ed.) Canada’s Smallest Province (The Prince Edward Island Centennial Committee, 1973) pp. 37–114; for a detailed example of seigneurial tenure in an urban setting in Quebec, see Louise Dechene, `La rente du faubourg Saint-Roch a Quebec, 1750–1850’, Revue d’histoire de l’Amerique Francaise, no. 34 (March, 1981).
George Martin, quoted in Charlotte Erickson, Invisible Immigrants: The Adaptation of English and Scottish Immigrants in Nineteenth-Century America (London, 1972) p. 286.
James Thomson to Helen and Alexander Thomson, 4 April 1955, and James Thomson to Alexander Thomson, 25 September 1854, in Richard Preston (ed.) For Friends at Home: A Scottish Emigrant’s Letters from Canada, California and the Cariboo, 1844–1864 (Montreal, 1974).
Michael Doucet, ‘Urban Land Development in Nineteenth-Century North America’, Journal of Urban History, no. 8 (May, 1982) pp. 318–20; David Gagan, Hopeful Travellers: Families, Land, and Social Change in Mid-Victorian Peel County Canada West (Toronto, 1981) pp. 18, 48–53.
Donald Akenson, The Irish in Ontario: A Study in Rural History (Kingston, 1984) pp.246–63.
George Feaver, ‘The Webbs in Canada: Fabian Pilgrims on the Canadian Frontier’, Canadian Historical Review, no. 58 (September 1977) p. 275.
Walter D. Young, The Anatomy of a Party: The National CCF, 1932–61 (Toronto, 1969) p. 303.
Stephen H. Roberts, History of Australian Land Settlement (Melbourne, 1924) pp. 383–5; John Bradshaw, New Zealand of Today (London, 1888) p. 260.
Bradshaw, New Zealand, p. 280.
Doucet, ‘Urban Land Development’, pp. 312–16; James Lorimer, The Developers (Toronto, 1978) pp. 83–7.
Michael Doucet and John Weaver, ‘The North American Shelter Business, 1860–1920: A Study of a Canadian Real Estate and Property Management Agency’, Business History Review, no. 58 (Summer, 1984) p. 239.
Shirley Spragge, ‘A Confluence of Interests: Housing Reform in Toronto, 1900–1920’, in Alan F. J. Artibise and Gilbert A. Stelter (eds) The Usable Urban Past: Planning and Politics in the Modern Canadian City (Toronto, 1979) pp. 247–63.
M. A. Jones, Housing and Poverty in Australia (Melbourne, 1972) p. 115.
Michael Doucet and John C. Weaver. ‘Housing in Hamilton during the Great Depression’ (unpublished paper based on assessment data collected for the authors’ research project on housing).
Michael Doucet and John C. Weaver, ‘Material Culture and the North American House: The Era of the Common Man, 1870–1920’, Journal of American History, no. 72:3 (1985) pp. 560–87.
Granatstein, The Ottawa Men, pp. 46–7.
The Canadian Chartered Accountant, no. 24 (April, 1934) p. 278.
Granatstein, The Ottawa Men, pp. 49–52.
John Bacher, ‘Ottawa and the Politics of Housing: The Origins of the Dominion Housing Act of 1935’ (unpublished paper presented to the Canadian Historical Association, Ottawa, 1983) p. 16.
Ibid., pp. 23.
Ibid., pp. 26–8.
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© 1989 D. C. M. Platt
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Weaver, J. (1989). The Denial of Social Experiment in Canadian Housing Policy before the Second World War. In: Platt, D.C.M. (eds) Social Welfare 1850–1950. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10343-0_5
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