Abstract
Unexplained discomfort, such as needs, frustration, and conflict, is an experience that influences behavior by providing energy. While many of the internal (psychobiological) and external (cultural) forces that impel individuals in forward or backward movement of personality are not fully understood, much has been written about needs, frustration, and conflict, and about anxiety. All of these experiences act as instrumentalities in the continuing reorganization of experience and in reconstruction of personality. Such reorganization and reconstruction can be productive or nonproductive. Productive relations with others can be fostered more readily when the interaction that takes place in an interpersonal relationship and its meanings are understood. In order to make clear the demands these experiences make upon an individual and their energizing quality, these experiences have been separated into four chapters. In actual operation they occur in combination. The purpose of this chapter is to identify and to clarify the nature of anxiety, as it occurs in nurses, in patients, and its communication in the interpersonal relationship.
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Notes
H. S. Sullivan, The Meaning of Anxiety in Psychiatry and in Life (Washington, D.C., William Alanson White Psychiatric Foundation, 1948) pamphlet, pp. 11–12.
Patrick Mullahy, Oedipus: Myth and Complex (New York, Hermitage House, Inc., 1948), pp. 299–300.
Ibid., p. 294.
Ibid., p. 299.
Ibid., p. 292.
Sullivan, op. cit., p. 10.
Edmund F. Walker, “Inducing Anxiety as Part of the Therapeutic Method,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 109:233–39 (March, 1949).
See for example: D. Ewen Cameron, “Some Relationships between Excitement, Depression, and Anxiety,” American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 102, No. 3 (November, 1945), pp. 385–93, especially tables of symptoms.
For physical concomitants see: Walter B. Cannon, Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear, and Rage (New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1936). H. Flanders Dunbar, Emotions and Bodily Changes (New York, Columbia University Press, 1935).
Sullivan, op. cit., p. 11.
See: Lowell S. Selling, “Behavior Problems of Eating,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol. XVI, No. 1, pp. 163–69. L. S. Selling and M. A. S. Ferraro, The Psychology of Diet and Nutrition (New York, W. W, Norton & Company, Inc., 1946).
Sullivan, op. cit., Table 1, p. 4
Donald Snygg and Arthur Combs, Individual Behavior (New York, Harper & Brothers, 1949). The entire text discusses, expands, and illustrates this principle of perception of self and others.
H. S. Sullivan, Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry (Washington, D.C., William Alanson White Psychiatrie Foundation, 1947).
Flanders H. Dunbar, Emotions and Bodily Changes (New York, Columbia University Press, 1935). Has shown that when psychogenic death occurs it is usually related to the state of excitement that exists for the patient.
Rollo May, The Meaning of Anxiety (New York, The Ronald Press, 1950), p. 356. In the writer’s opinion this is the best single reference source on principles of anxiety—its nature and its consequences.
Snygg, op. cit., elaborates what is involved in the need for self-enhancement as it operates for all individuals.
K. A. Menninger, Man against Himself (New York, Harcourt Brace & Company, 1938) and Love against Hate (New York, Harcourt Brace & Company, 1942).
Percival Symonds, Dynamics of Human Adjustment (New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1946).
Theodore Reik, Masochism in Modern Man (New York, Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., 1941); Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York, Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., 1941) and “Selfishness and Self-love,” Psychiatry, 2:507–523 (1938).
James Clark Moloney, “Psychiatric Observations in Okinawa Shima,” Psychiatry, 8:391–99 (November, 1945).
See particularly: Edward Glover, “Sublimation, Substitution, and Social Anxiety,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis (1931), pp. 263–97.
Edmund Bergler, “Psychopathology of Compulsive Smoking,” Psychiatric Quarterly, 20:297–321 (April, 1946). Points out that the compulsive nature of smoking is often uncovered when medical limitations are placed on smoking.
Snygg, op. cit., p. 17
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© 1988 Hildegard E. Peplau
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Peplau, H.E. (1988). Unexplained Discomfort. In: Interpersonal Relations in Nursing. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10109-2_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10109-2_7
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