Abstract
In the West, the Chinese view of Sino-American normalisation has often been cast as the triumph of post-Cultural Revolution ‘pragmatism’ over revolutionary ideology. Zhou Enlai was, indeed, a realist, but only in his own Chinese Marxist-Leninist terms, and an important part of the explanation of his ‘realism’, as it related to Sino-American normalisation, lies in his ideological understanding of ‘workstyle’ and ‘strategies and policies’.
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Notes and References
Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston & Toronto: Little, Brown, & Co., 1979) p. 745.
Henry Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (Boston & Toronto: Little, Brown, & Co., 1982) pp. 46
As cited in John McCook Roots, Chou (New York: Doubleday, 1978) p. 134.
Oriana Fallaci, Interview with History (Boston: Houghton & Mifflin, 1976) p. 40.
Richard Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1978) p. 554.
For a gloss on ‘badao’ as the historical usurpation of the Zhou Emperor’s imperium by an ‘overlord’ refer to Derke Bodde, China’s First Unifier (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1967) p. 10
Edgar Snow, The Long Revolution (New York: Vintage Books, 1973) p. 159.
For discussion of this interrelationship see Ronald C. Keith, ‘The Origins and Strategic Implications of China’s “Independent Foreign Policy”’, International journal, vol. XLI, Winter 1985–6, p. 111.
Ross Terrill, Mao (New York: Harper & Row, 1980) p. 360.
For analysis of changes in Nixon’s position see Fu-mei Chiu Wu, Richard M. Nixon, Communism and China (Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1978) p. 71.
The Taiwan version of the report shows no reference to the standard ‘two intermediate zones’ in the first pages, but in the body of the text there is reference to ‘the first intermediate zone’ of Africa, Asia and Latin America and a second zone of Western Europe, Japan, Canada and Oceania, Issues and Studies, vol. XIII, no. 1, p. 118 — see Shen Ping-wen’s discussion of ‘parts’ and ‘zones’ in ‘An Analysis of Two Significant Reports Made by Chou En-lai’, Issues and Studies, vol. XIII, no. 3, March 1977, p. 19.
English text in ‘President Nixon’s Visit to the People’s Republic of China’, CB, no. 952, 27 March 1972, p. 14. The Chinese text is in Zhou Enlai, Zhou Enlai xuanji (Selected works of Zhou Enlai), vol. II (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1984), pp. 475–6.
Gene T. Hsiao (ed.) Sino-American Detente and its Policy Implications (New York: Praeger, 1974) p. 294.
Arkady Shevchenko, Breaking with Moscow (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985) p. 201.
Enver Hoxha, Reflections on China (Toronto: Norman Bethune Institute, 1979), vol. I, p. 686.
Zhou Enlai’s political report, Chinese Communist Party, The Tenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China (Documents) (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1973) p. 5.
Zhou, Issues and Studies, vol. XIII, no. 1, January 1977, p. 120.
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© 1989 Ronald C. Keith
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Keith, R.C. (1989). Strategy and ‘Realism’ in Sino-American Normalisation. In: The Diplomacy of Zhou Enlai. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09890-3_8
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