Abstract
Before embarking on drug studies in humans there must be adequate toxicological testing in animals. The extent of this preclinical toxicological screening was outlined in 1982 by Professor D.G. Grahame-Smith249 and this is also dealt with in ‘Safety requirements for the first use of new drugs and diagnostic agents in man’. The latter also covers Phase 1250.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Grahame-Smith, D.G. Preclinical toxicological testing and safeguards in clinical trials. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmac., 1982, 22, 1–6
Safety requirements for the first use of new drugs and diagnostic agents in man. Published by the Council for International Organisation of Medical Sciences, Geneva, 1983
Czerwinski, A.W. The Phase 1 drug study. In Drug-induced Clinical Toxicity (ed. F.G McMahon), Futura, 1974, pp. 37–14
Goldberg, L.I., Besselaar, G.H., Arnold, J.D., Lamberger, L., Mitchell, J.R. and Whitsett, T.L. Phase I investigations. Clin. Pharmac. Ther., 1975, 18(5), 643–646
Idänpään-Heikkilä, J. A Review of Safety Information Obtained from Phase I, II and III Clinical Investigation of Sixteen Selected Drugs, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration, 1983
Cardon, P.V., Dommel, F.W. and Trumble, R.R. Injuries to research subjects — a survey of investigators. New Engl. J. Med., 1976, 295, 650–654
Zarafonetis, C.J.D. et al. Clinically significant adverse events in a phase I testing programme. Clin. Pharmac. Ther., 1978, 24(2), 127–132
Darragh, A., Lambe, R., Kenny, M. and Brick, I. Sudden death of a volunteer. Lancet, 1985, 1, 93–95
Leader. Br. Med. J., 1985, 290, 1369–1370
Royle, J.M. and Snell, E.S. Medical research on normal volunteers. Br. J. Clin. Pharmac., 1986, 21, 548–549
Powell, J.R. Healthy volunteers, risk and research. Drug Intel. Clin. Pharm., 1986, 20, 776–777
A report of the Royal College of Physicians. Research on healthy volunteers. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians, 1986, 20(4), 243–257
Kinney, E.L., Trautmann, J., Gold, J.A., Vesell, E.S. and Zelis, R. Underrepresentation of women in new drug trials: ramifications and remedies. Ann. Intern. Med., 1981, 95(4), 495–499
General Considerations for the Clinical Evaluation of Drugs, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration, Sept. 1977, p. 10
Hollister, L.E. Prediction of therapeutic users of psycho-therapeutic drugs from experience with normal volunteers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 1972, 13.5(2), 803–808
Azarnoff, D.L. Physiologic factors in selecting human volunteers for drug studies. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 1972, 13(5) Pt 2, 796–802
Lasagna, L. and Von Felsinger, J.M. The volunteer subject. Science, 1954, 120, 359–361
Oates, J.A. A scientific rationale for choosing patients rather than normal subjects for phase I studies. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 1972, 13(5), 809–811.
Weissman, L. Multiple dose phase I trials. Normal volunteers or patients: one viewpoint. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1981, 21, 385–387
Hollister, L.E., Martz, B.L., Carr, E.A., Cohn, H.D., Crout, J.R. and Levine, J. Phase II investigations Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 1975, 18(5), 647–649
Spilker, B. Guide to Clinical Studies and Developing Protocols, Raven Press, New York, 1984
Lasagna, L. On reducing waste in foreign clinical trials and post regulation experiences. Clin. Pharmac. Ther., 1986, 40.4, 369–372
Riegelman, R. Clinical Trials. Ann. Int. Med., 1984, 100.3, 455
Jenkins, W. Adverse event reporting for UK product licence. Premarketing Adverse drug experience. Data Management procedures Drug Information workshop, December 1985
Venning, G.R. Priorities in the benefit-risk assessment of new drugs. Adv. Drug React. Ac. Pois. Rev., 1984, 3, 113–121
Anon. Hunting rare adverse drug reactions, Br. Med. J., 1981, 282, 342–343
Hanley, J.A. and Lippman-Hand, A. If nothing goes wrong, is everything alright? J.A.M.A., 1983, 249.13, 1743–1745
O’Neill, R. Statistical Analyses of Adverse Event Data from Clinical Trials with Special Emphasis on Serious Events. Drug Information Association workshop Arlington. December 1985. Drug Inf. J., 21(1), 9–21, 1987
Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, London Hospital Medical College. Aide-memoire for preparing clinical trial protocols. Br. Med. J., 1977, 21 May, 1323–1324
Spriet, A. and Simon, P. Questions a se poser pour vérifier un protocole d’essai thérapeutique avant d’entreprendre l’exécution. Thérapie, 1977, 32, 633–642
Offerhaus, L. Guidelines for evaluation of antihypertensive drugs in man. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1979, 16, 427–430
Guidelines for Preclinical and Clinical Testing of New Medicinal Products. Part 2: Investigations in Man. Ass. Br. Pharm. Ind., 1977, 13
Sackett, D.L. and Gent, M. Controversy in counting and attributing events in clinical trials. New Engl. J. Med., 1979, 301(26), 1410–1412
DeMets, D., Friedman, L.M. and Furberg, C. Counting events in clinical trials. New Engl. J. Med., 1980, 302(16), 924–925
May, G.S., DeMets, D.L., Friedman, L.M., Furberg, C. and Passamani, E. The randomised clinical trial: bias in analysis. Circulation, 1981, 64(4), 669–673
Cancer Research Campaign Working Party. Trials and tribulations: thoughts on the organisation of multicentre clinical studies. Br. Med. J., 1980, 281, 918–920
Laganière, S. and Biron, P. Clinical trials: incomplete reporting of side effects. Curr. Ther. Res., 1979, 25(6), 743–746
Dangoumau, J., Bégaud, B., Péré, J.C. and Albin, H. De l’imputabilité origenelle à l’imputabilite terminale. Thérapie, 1981, 361, 219–227
Boisseau, A., Begaud, B., Albin, H. and Dangoumau, J. Re-evaluation d’un diagnostic d’effets indesirables des medicaments avec un recul de six mois. Thérapie, 1980, 35, 577–580
Mohberg, N. Some observations on the collection of medical events data. Drug Information Association Workshop. Arlington, December 1985. Drug Inf. J., 21(1), 55–63, 1987
Rosenberg, F. A new international adverse reaction reporting system. Drug Information Association Workshop. Arlington, December 1985
Scrip, no. 1147, 20 Oct 1986, p. 6
Hemminki, E. Study of information submitted by drug companies to licensing authorities. Br. Med. J., 1980, 22 March, 833–836
Azarnoff, D.L., Abrams, W.B., Cuttner, J., Hewitt, W.L. and Hailman, H. Phase III investigations. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 1975, 18(5) Pt 2, 650–652
Hibberd, P.L. and Meadows, A.J. Information contained in clinical trial reports. J. Inform. Sci., 1980, 2, 165–168
Huskisson, E.C. Good and bad clinical trials: a checklist. J. Hosp. Pharm., 1973, June, July, Aug.
Herxheimer, A. and Lionel, N.D.W. Assessing reports of therapeutic trials. Proc. Br. Pharm. Soc., 1970, April, 204–205P
Burley, D.M. and Binns, T.B. Erroneous adverse reaction reports. Lancet, 1976, 29 May, 1193
Venulet, J. Publishing adverse drug reaction data. Arch. Intern. Med., 1983 143, 182–183
Venulet, J., Blattner, R., Von Bulow, J. and Berneker, G.C. How good are articles on adverse drug reactions? Br. Med. J., 1982, 284, 252–254
Venning, G.R. Validity of anecdotal reports of suspected adverse reactions: the problem of false alarms. Br. Med. J., 1982, 284, 249–252
Albin, H., Bégaud, B., Boisseau, A. and Dangoumau, J. Validation des publications d’effets indésirables par une méthode d’imputabilité. Thérapie, 1980, 35, 571–576
Herxheimer, A. and Lionel, N.D.W. Minimum information needed by prescriber, Br. Med. J., 1978, 2, 1129–1132
Copyright information
© 1988 M.D.B. Stephens
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stephens, M.D.B. (1988). The Pre-marketing Establishment of the Side-effect Profile of a New Drug. In: The Detection of New Adverse Drug Reactions. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09887-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09887-3_5
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-09889-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-09887-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)