Abstract
Past and present Soviet naval construction, exercises, deployments and writings suggest a mission structure which looks like that shown in Figure 7. These nine missions are not arranged in any particular order of priority and are presented in an unwholesome mixture of Western and Sovet terminology for greater clarity. However, because they determine the state’s capacity to survive and prevail in war, the fleet’s war tasks are in a sense ‘more important’ than its peacetime ones. Of the six wartime missions, those which most directly influence the outcome of the war on land are the most important, because in the Soviet view, wars are fought basically about land and are largely won or lost upon it. A state’s capacity to prosper in peacetime will reflect its capacity to prevail in war. In peacetime, the fleet can be used in a variety of ways to advance the interests of the state and to help provide the conditions for the advance of international socialism.
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Notes and References
Till (1982) pp. 128–39, 188–92.
Quoted in Gorshkov (1979) p. 230.
Quoted in Martin (1970) p. 47.
Quoted McGruther (1978) p. 13.
Gorshkov (1967) quoted in Herrick (1968) pp. 34–5.
Ruge (1979) p. 51.
Gorshkov (1967) quoted in Herrick (1968) p. 35; also Gorshkov (1979) pp. 272, 274.
Quoted in Herrick (1968) p. 90.
For example, ibid., pp. 144, 153.
Till (1982) pp. 191–2.
Gorshkov (1979) p. 229.
Quoted and discussed in McConnell (1977) p. 600.
Vice Admiral K. A. Stalbo, ‘The Strategy of the United States on the World Ocean.’ Morskoi Sbornik, No 10, October 1983.
Gorshkov (1979) pp. 242, 243.
Ibid., p. 232.
Ibid., p. 234.
Ibid., pp. 122, 217.
Watson (1979) pp. 144–5.
Figures based on Polmar (1979) p. 14.
S. G. Gorshkov in Red Star, 18 April 1970.
Quoted in ‘The Soviet Navy in 1975’ in Proceedings of the USNI, Naval Review 1976, pp. 206–7.
S. G. Gorshkov in a footnote to a 1967 article in Morskoi Sbornik.
Gorshkov (1979) p. 196.
Ibid., pp. 229ff.
Ibid., p. 215.
Ibid., p. 256.
Ibid., p. 224.
Admiral V. N. Chernarvin, Morskoi Sbornik, No 11, November 1982; V. Alekseyev, ‘Distinctive Features of Modern Naval Warfare’ Morskoi Sbornik, No 10, October 1986.
Ibid., p. 210.
Quoted in Hibbits (1978) pp. 14–15.
Petersen (1979) pp. 50–1.
Gorshkov (1979) p. 226.
Dr Milan Vego, ‘Soviet Warship Design’. NAVY International, January 1984.
Ibid., p. 122.
Ibid., p. 128.
Sokolovskiy (1968).
Quoted in Herrick (1968) pp. 104–5.
Gorshkov (1979) p. 135.
MccGwire (1968) pp. 145–6.
Sokolovskiy (1968) p. 300.
Daniel (1978a) p. 225.
Ibid.
Dismukes and McConnell (1979) pp. 21, 49–50.
Daniel (1979b).
Weinland (1979) p. 84.
Dragnich, ‘The Soviet Union’s Quest for Access to Naval Facilities in Egypt Prior to the June War of 1967’, in MccGwire and McConnell (1975) p. 251.
McConnell (1978) p. 48.
Teplinsky (1973) p. 79.
N. Friedman, ‘US vs Soviet Style in Fleet Design’ in Murphy (1978) p. 206.
MccGwire (1973a) pp. 350ff.
Quoted in Zumwalt (1976) p. 436.
Dismukes and McConnell (1979) p. 22.
Admiral Gorshkov, ‘Bases of Aggression’, Pravda 15 April 1983; also Admiral N. N. Amelko, ‘The Soviet Fleet Offensive or Defensive?’, Naval Forces No IV/1984.
Gorshkov ‘Bases of Aggression’, op. cit. and ‘Remember the War’, Morskoi Sbornik No 5, May 1984.
Quoted in van Tol (1987).
Grishanov (1978) p. 198.
Sokolovskiy, quoted in Herrick (1968) p. 93. See also ibid., p. 96 and MccGwire and McDonnell (1977) p. 625.
Gorshkov (1979) p. 279.
Ibid., p. 221.
Bell (1970).
O. M. Smolansky, ‘Soviet Entry into the Indian Ocean: an Analysis’ in MccGwire (1973a) p. 414.
Gorshkov in Morskoi Sbornik, 1974, quoted by Moore in MccGwire and McDonald (1977) p. 196.
V. A. Kasatanov, October 1961, quoted by Ullman in MccGwire et al. (1975) p. 587.
Quoted in Ruhe (1980).
Petersen (1979) p. 51.
K. J. Moore, ‘Anti-Submarine Warfare’ in MccGwire and McDonnell (1977) p. 196.
V. P. Zhukov in an article in Morskoi Sbornik, quoted in Kennedy (1979b).
MccGwire et al. (1975) p. 508.
MccGwire (1974).
See MccGwire and McDonnell (1977) pp. 653ff. and MccGwire (1976b) pp. 86ff.
Ibid., p. 145 and MccGwire (1978) p. 41.
Dismukes and McConnell (1979) p. 36.
McConnell (1978) p. 47.
See Tsipis (1974) and Nathan and Oliver (1979) p. 102. More recently see Daniel (1986) and Stefanick (1987).
Vego (1983).
See especially McConnell (1984) and (1985), the first of which quotes the 1976 Bondarenko article; also Marshal Grechko, Krasnaya Zvezda, 17 December 1972. For an official US Navy view of the time see Admiral Butts, Director of Naval Intelligence, in Hearings before Committee on Armed Services, US Senate. Part 6, Sea Power and Force Projection, March and April 1983, p. 2965.
See, for instance, the arguments developed by Polmar (1976) pp. 110–29.
Senate Foreign Relations Committee Report no. 96–14, Washington DC, 1979, on the SALT II Treaty.
Daniel (1978a) p. 226.
McConnell (1978) p. 49.
Izvestiya, 31 July 1966, quoted in McConnell (1977) pp. 570–1.
P. Nitze in George (1978) p. 91.
Sokolovskiy, quoted in Herrick (1968) p. 94.
Gorshkov (1979) pp. 219ff. and McConnell (1977) pp. 583–4.
For this see articles by P. Vigor, G. Jukes and M. MccGwire in MccGwire et al. (1975) pp. 471, 484, 489 respectively.
McConnell (1977) pp. 577–80.
Ibid., pp. 590–2.
Quoted in ibid., p. 578.
Department of Defense Posture Statement for FY, 1979, p. 28.
See the commentary of Cmdr C. C. Holcomb, US Navy (then Commanding Officer of the SSBN USS Lafayette) in the Proceedings of the USNI, July 1978, p. 21.
George (1978) p. 91.
Capt. First Rank Vyunenko, ‘Some Trends in the Development of Naval Tactics’ in Morskoi Sbornik, no. 10, 1975, quoted in Kennedy (1979a).
Gorshkov in Problemy Filosofi, quoted by Hibbits in Murphy (1978) p. 10.
Gorshkov (1979) p. 197.
G. M. Sturua of the (Soviet) Institute for the United States, June 1982, quoted McConnell (1985) p. 7. See also Watkins (1986).
McConnell (1978) pp. 60–1.
Gorshkov (1979) p. 197.
Ibid., p. 263.
Breemer (1985), (1987a) and (1987b).
See P. Bracken, The Command and Control of Nuclear Forces (London: Yale University Press, 1983) p. 35.
Admiral Chernarvin, ‘The Navy’, Morskoi Sbornik No 1, January 1986.
Marshal Ustinov’s speech. Guardian 21 May 1984; Admiral Butts, interview Seapower, April 1984.
Admiral Henry S. Train, testimony of 16 March 1982, before Hearings on Military Posture, House Armed Service Committee, p. 964.
For instance see, ‘Soviet Ability to Fire Through Ice Creates New SLBM Basing Mode’ Aviation Week and Space Technology, 10 December 1984. Admiral Rodionov, quoted in Robert Herrick et al. Soviet Perceptions of US Antisubmarine Warfare Capabilities (Unpublished study of 1980) itself quoted in Daniel (1985).
See ‘Naval Strategy Must Change Says Adm Trost’, Jane’s Defence Weekly 27 June 1987.
A remark made in 1961 and quoted in McGruther (1978) p. 59.
McConnell (1980) pp. 67–88.
Ibid.
The dates of these two are 28 April 1970 and 30 July 1972 respectively. They are quoted in Clawson (1980).
McGruther (1978) p. 63.
Gorshkov (1979) p. 140.
Sokolovskiy (1968) pp. 302–3.
Gorshkov describes this view in a 1967 article quoted by Pritchard (1972).
Rear-Adm. K. A. Stalbo in Morskoi Sbornik, March 1970.
Gorshkov (1979) pp. 214, 217.
Ibid., p. 148.
Ibid., pp. 144–5. See also Ruge (1979) which describes these and other operations from the German point of view.
Ibid., p. 77.
Gorshkov (1974) p. 94.
Capt. First Rank Vyunenko, ‘Modern Amphibious Landings’ in Morskoi Sbnornik, 1963, an article discussed in Pritchard (1972).
Ibid.
W. I. Atschkassow, ‘Landing Operations of the Soviet Naval Fleet during World War Two’ in Lt Col Merrill L. Bartlett, USMC (ed), Assault from the Sea (Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press, 1983); Amelko (1984).
Captain 1st Rank A. Usikov, ‘Certain Lessons and Conclusions from the Anglo-Argentinian Military Conflict’ and Rear Adm I Uskov,’ The Lessons from the Anglo-Argentinian Conflict and the role of Surface Ships in Sea Warfare.’ Morskoi Sbornik, No 11, November 1982. The lesson of surprise is also a major theme of Donnelly (1985).
Quoted in Naval Forces, no. 1, 1981 in ‘Soviet Activities in the Baltic’, p. 96.
See Navy International, August 1981, p. 634.
Gorshkov (1979) p. 122.
Ibid., pp. 242–3.
Ibid., p. 122.
Ibid., pp. 234ff.
Soviet analysis of the Falklands is most conveniently found in Kipp (1983). See in particular Adm I Kapitanets, (Commander-in-Chief of the Baltic Fleet) in Morskoi Sbornik February 1983.
For a review of such views see Herrick (1968) p. 85.
Uri Ra’anan in US Government (1976) p. 299; Adm. W. Crowe, US Navy, Western Strategy and Naval Missions Approaching the Twenty — First Century in George (1978) pp. 19–20.
Herrick (1968) pp. 99, 131; MccGwire (1973a) p. 511 and (1980a) p. 170, etc.
McConnell (1978) pp. 43ff. and in (1977) p. 581.
Herrick (1968) p. 131.
Quoted by McConnell (1977) p. 581.
Sokolovskiy (1968) p. 302.
Whelan (1979).
Gorshkov (1979) p. 143.
A possibility stressed by MccGwire in MccGwire (1973a) p. 353.
Gorshkov (1979) p. 118.
Quoted in Polmar (1979) p. 10. 122a. McConnell (1984).
Gorshkov (1974) p. 101. 123a. Watkins (1986).
MccGwire (1980a) p. 170.
Both arguments are to be found in Daniel (1978a) pp. 227–9.
For instance, Gorshkov (1979) p. 243.
‘Britain Claims 7 year lead over USSR in Subs Race’ in The Guardian, 31 December 1980.
See Funkhouse (1973) and Stone (1979).
McConnell (1978) p. 49.
Quoted in Kennedy (1979b).
R. W. Herrick, ‘The USSR’s Blue Belt of Defense Concept’ in Murphy (1978) pp. 184–5. See also ibid., p. 199.
O’Neil (1977) p. 26.
See, for instance, Ruge (1979) p. 133.
Gorshkov (1979) p. 120–1.
Ibid., p. 128.
An argument advanced by M. MccGwire in George (1978) p. 202.
See Daniel (1980) pp. 9ff.
Gorshkov (1979) p. 244.
A. N. Shulsky, Coercive Diplomacy in Dismukes and McConnell (1979) pp. 134–7.
Watson (1979) p. 318.
Gorshkov quoted and discussed in J. M. McConnell, ‘The Soviet Navy in the Indian Ocean’ in MccGwire (1973a) pp. 392–3.
Ibid.
Quoted in Dismukes and McConnell (1979) p. 12.
Gromyko (1969) pp. 4–5.
See Gorshkov (1979) pp. 237ff., 247–8. Also Till (1982) pp. 209–13.
Gorshkov (1979) p. 251.
Ibid., p. 248.
Smirnov (1969) p. 66.
Till (1982) pp. 230, 235.
C. C. Petersen and W. J. Durch, ‘Angolan Crisis Deployments’ in Dismukes and McConnell (1979) p. 151.
B.W. Watson, ‘Maritime Problems in the Mediterranean Sea …’ in George (1978) p. 101.
Telem (1975).
Kidd (1972).
Quoted in Zumwalt (1976) p. 447.
Watson (1979) pp. 334–5.
Sunday Times 6 January 1985; also Newsweek 20 May 1985; International Herald Tribune 31 July 1985.
Our thanks to Finn Sollie of Oslo and Lars Wallinn of the Swedish National Defence Research Institute for the information in this paragraph. Submarine Defence Commission Report Countering the Submarine Threat Stockholm, 1983.
Izvestia 22 March 1986.
MccGwire (1976d).
Dismukes and McConnell (1979) p. 295.
In Military Objectives in Soviet Foreign Policy for example, MccGwire argues that the Soviet Union intends to make Libya the outermost edge of its postwar area — solely on the grounds that it has supplied a number of tanks and APCs to the Libyan leader, (pp. 143–4).
Dismukes and McConnell (1979) pp. 23–7.
Quoted and discussed in Kipp (1983).
Admiral Carlisle Trost, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 27 June 1987.
Gorshkov (1979) pp. 154–5.
Adm. S. Turner, US Navy. Comments on Gorshkov’s 11th Article of 18 March 1974 in Gorshkov (1974) p. 136.
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© 1989 Bryan Ranft and Geoffrey Till
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Ranft, B., Till, G. (1989). The Missions of the Soviet Navy. In: The Sea in Soviet Strategy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09464-6_7
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