Abstract
The chicken provides an excellent model system for asking questions about how the neural circuitry underlying coordinated motor behaviors is assembled during ontogeny. Several distinctive motor behaviors have been extensively studied, with attention focussed on leg movements. The chick embryo produces 3 types of embryonic motility during the 20 to 21 day incubation period. At the end of the incubation period hatching behavior appears. Within a few hours after hatching, the chick begins to walk.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Baker, L. L., Chandler, S. H. and Goldberg, L. J. (1984). L-dopa-induced locomotor-like activity in ankle flexor and extensor nerves of chronic and acute spinal cats. Exp. Neurol., 86, 515–526.
Bakhuis, W. J. (1974). Observations on hatching movements in the chick Gallus domesticus). J. Comp. Physiol. Psych., 87, 997–1003.
Bekoff, A. (1976). Ontogeny of leg motor output in the chick embryo: a neural analysis. Brain Res., 106, 271–291.
Bekoff, A. (1982). Comparison of hatching and walking motor output patterns in normal and deafferented chicks. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 8, 738.
Bekoff, A. (1984). Analysis of the role of descending input in the production of hatching and walking in chicks: spinal transection studies. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 10, 755.
Bekoff, A. (in press). The neural basis for the ontogeny of behaviour in vertebrates. In The Handbook of Physiology. Developmental Neurobiology, sect. II, vol. 2, Am. Physiol. Soc, Maryland.
Bekoff, A. and Kauer, J. A. (1982). Neural control of hatching: role of neck position in turning on hatching leg movements in post-hatching chicks. J. Comp. Physiol., 145, 497–504.
Bekoff, A. and Kauer, J. A. (1984). Neural control of hatching: fate of the pattern generator for the leg movements of hatching in post-hatching chicks. J. Neurosci., 4, 2659–2666.
Bekoff, A., Nusbaum, M. P., Sabichi, A. L. and Clifford, M. (in preparation). Neural control of limb coordination in the chick. I. Comparison of hatching and walking motor output patterns in normal and deafferented chicks.
Bekoff, A., Stein, P. S. G. and Hamburger, V. (1975). Coordinated motor output in the hindlimb of the 7-day chick embryo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 72, 1245–1248.
Cooper, M. W. (1983). Development of interlimb coordination in the embryonic chick. Ph.D. dissertation. Yale University, New Haven.
Grillner, S. (1981). Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods and fish. In The Handbook of Physiology. The Nervous System, sect. I, vol. 2, part 2, Am. Physiol. Soc, Maryland.
Grillner, S. and Zangger, P. (1979). On the central generation of locomotion in the low spinal cat. Exp. Brain Res., 34, 241–261.
Hamburger, V. (1963). Some aspects of the embryology of behavior. Quart. Rev. Biol., 38, 342–365.
Hamburger, V. and Balaban, M. (1963). Observations and experiments on spontaneous rhythmical behavior in the chick embryo. Dev. Biol., 7, 533–545.
Hamburger, V., Balaban, M., Oppenheim, R. and Wenger, E. (1965). Periodic motility of normal and spinal chick embryos between 8 and 17 days of incubation. J. Exp. Zool., 159, 1–14.
Hamburger, V. and Oppenheim, R. (1967). Prehatching motility and hatching behavior in the chick. J. Exp. Zool., 166, 171–204.
Hamburger, V., Wenger, E. and Oppenheim, R. (1966). Motility in the chick embryo in the absence of sensory input. J. Exp. Zool., 162, 133–160.
Jacobson, R. D. and M. Hollyday. (1982a). A behavioral and electromyographic study of walking in the chick. J. Neurophysiol., 48, 238–256.
Jacobson, R. D. and M. Hollyday. (1982b). Electrically evoked walking and fictive locomotion in the chick. J. Neurophysiol., 48, 257–270.
Kovach, J. K. (1970). Development and mechanisms of behavior in the chick embryo during the last five days of incubation. J. Comp. Physiol. Psych., 73, 392–406.
Landmesser, L. T. (1978). The distribution of motoneurones supplying chick hind limb muscles. J. Physiol., 284, 371–389.
Landmesser, L. T. and O’Donovan, M. J. (1984). Activation patterns of embryonic chick hind limb muscles recorded in ovo and in an isolated spinal cord preparation. J. Physiol., 347, 189–204.
Lennard, P. R. and Stein, P. S. G. (1977). Swimming movements elicited by electrical stimulation of turtle spinal cord. I. Low-spinal and intact preparations. J. Neurophysiol. 40, 768–778.
Narayanan, C. H. and Malloy, R. B. (1974). Deafferentation studies on motor activity in the chick. I. Activity pattern of hindlimb. J. Exp. Zool., 189, 163–176.
Okado, N. and Oppenheim, R. W. (1985). The onset and development of descending pathways to the spinal cord in the chick embryo. J. Comp. Neurol., 232, 143–161.
Oppenheim, R. (1972). An experimental investigation of the possible role of tactile and proprioceptive stimulation in certain aspects of embryonic behavior in the chick. Dev. Psychobiol., 5, 71–91.
Oppenheim, R. (1973). Prehatching and hatching behavior: a comparative and physiological consideration. In Behavioral Embryology (ed. G. Gottlieb) Academic Press, New York.
Oppenhiem, R. (1975). The role of supraspinal input in embryonic motility: a re-examination in the chick. J. Comp. Neurol., 160, 37–50.
Pittman, R., Oppenheim, R. and Ramakrishna, T. (1978). Experimental studies on hatching behavior in the chick. IV. Evidence for the role of a noradrenergic mechanism. J. Exp. Zool., 204, 95–112.
Provine, R. R. and Rogers, L. (1977). Development of spinal cord bioelectric activity in spinal chicks and its behavioral implication. J. Neurobiol., 8, 217–228.
Smith, J. L., Bradley, N. S., Carter, M. C., Giuliani, C. A., Hoy, M. G., Koshland, G. F. and Zernicke, R. F. (in press). Rhythmical movements of the hindlimbs in spinal cats: considerations for a controlling network. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Development and Plasticity of the Mammalian Spinal Cord, Spoleto, Italy.
Vince, M. A. and Chinn, S. (1972). Effects of external stimulation on the domestic chick’s capacity to stand and walk. Brit. J. Psychol., 63, 89–99.
Vince, M. A., Reader, M. and Tolhurst, B. (1976). Effects of stimulation on embryonic activity in the chick. J. Comp. Physiol. Psych., 90, 221–230.
Visintini, F. and R. Levi-Montalcini. (1939). Relazione tra differenziazione strutturale e funzionale dei centri e della vie nervose nell’ embrione di pollo. Schweiz. Archiv. Neurol. Psychol., 43, 1–45.
Williams, T. L. (1981). Experimental analysis of the gait and frequency of locomotion in the tortoise, with a simple mathematical description. J. Physiol., 310, 307–320.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1986 The Wenner-Gren Center
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bekoff, A. (1986). Ontogeny of Chicken Motor Behaviours: Evidence for Multi-Use Limb Pattern Generating Circuitry. In: Grillner, S., Stein, P.S.G., Stuart, D.G., Forssberg, H., Herman, R.M. (eds) Neurobiology of Vertebrate Locomotion. Wenner-Gren Center International Symposium Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09148-5_28
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09148-5_28
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-09150-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-09148-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)