Abstract
The Soviet intervention of December, 1979 in Afghanistan initiated an intense debate within both Pakistan and the United States regarding the Soviet intentions in Southwest Asia. One view asserted that Soviet intervention was essentially a defensive operation and that President Carter had overreacted’ to the Soviet concerns regarding their southern borders. In other words, this view maintained that ‘no serious account appears to have been taken of such specific factors as geographical proximity, ethnic affinity of the people on both sides of the border, and political instability, in what is, after all, a border country of the Soviet Union’.2 This view has essentially remained a minority view in the United States. In Pakistan, this view is fairly broadly shared by some of the political parties.
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Notes
Jiri Valenta, ‘From Prague to Kabul: The Soviet Style of Invasion’, International Security, Fall. 1980 (Volume 5, #2). p. 120.
Saying that his public statements expressed to ‘a varying degree the Soviet concepts, ideals, and objectives’, Chernenko reiterated the same view in ‘Trust and Cooperation Among Nations — The Guarantee of Peace and Security’, International Affairs (Moscow, No. 8, 1980); see also Konstantin Chernenko, Selected Speeches and Writing (New York: Pergamon Press, 1982) p. 241.
Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1979) p. 1488.
For explanatory statements of the Eisenhower Administrative officials see Rajendra K. Jain, Ed., US-South Asian Relations 1947–1982, (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1983).
Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle (New York: Farrar, Straus, Jiroux, 1983) p. 449.
For King Amanullah’s failure to modernize Afghanistan’s tribal society see Leon B. Poullada, Reform and Rebellion in Afghanistan, 1919–1929 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973); for details of the decrees and the ulama’s declaration of opposition to King Amanullah
see Rhea Talley Stewart, Fire in Afghanistan, 1914–1929 (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1973), pp. 425–443.
Afghanistan’s Minister of Foreign Affairs stated to Malik: We have come to recognize that the Pashtunistan issue was a mistake. ‘We have stopped talking about it. This is strictly an internal issue for Pakistan. What the Baluchis and the Pashtuns want, that is their business, not ours.’ Hafeez Malik, ‘Memorandum of Conversations with Mr Shah Mohammad Dost, 30 September, 1981’., Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, (Volume V, No. 2, 1981) p. 73.
Selig Harrison, In Afghanistan’s Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations (New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1981) p. 75.
For the details of scenarios 5 and 6, see Francis Fukuyuma, The Security of Pakistan: A Trip Report (Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, September, 1980) pp. 1–45.
Yuri V. Andropov, ‘Der Spiegel Interview’, Pravda, 25 April 1983 in Speeches & Writings (New York: Pergamon Press, 1983) p. 323.
D. F. Ustinov, Serving the Country and the Communist Cause, (New York: Pergamon Press, 1983) p. 14.
Azhar Masood, ‘Afghan Refugees for Turkey Today: In Search of New Home’, The Muslim, 3 August 1982.
Robert H. Donaldson, ‘The Soviet Union in South Asia: A Friend to Rely On?’, Journal of International Affairs, 34:1, Spring/Summer, 1980, p. 235.
Robert D. Schulzinger, American Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984) p. 327.
John B. Ritch, III, Hidden War: The Struggle for Afghanistan (A Staff Report prepared for the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate. Washington, DC. 1984) p. 24.
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© 1987 Hafeez Malik
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Malik, H. (1987). Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan and its Impact on Pakistan’s Foreign Policy. In: Malik, H. (eds) Soviet-American Relations with Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08553-8_7
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