Abstract
Relations between India and Iran and between India and the area which is now Afghanistan have been hostile throughout much of history, even in the period prior to historical times during an era which is clouded with myth. That relations with modern Afghanistan by an independent India have been close is an accident, one which resulted from the birth of Pakistan in 1947. It is evident from the past 37 years that relations between India and Pakistan have been less than cordial. It is necessary to look briefly at the past upon which the present is built and, perhaps, look at the future.
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Notes
See, for example, Arnold Toynbee, Between Oxus and Jumna (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), especially pp. 73–76.
For additional detail see Ludwig W. Adamec, Afghanistan’s Foreign Relations to the Mid-Twentieth Century (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1974) and
Leon B. Poullada, Reform and Rebellion in Afghanistan, 1919–1929 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973), especially Chapters 10 and 11.
The term ‘entente’ is taken from the title of Anwar H. Syed’s China and Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1974).
It is also used by Yaacov Vertzberger, The Enduring Entente (New York: Praeger, 1983).
See Syed Nur Ahmad, From Martial Law to Martial Law, edited by Craig Baxter (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1985), pp. 294–295, for the aircraft arrangement and Jinnah’s instructions to Pakistan’s first ambassador, Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan.
See Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr, India Under Pressure (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1984), pp. 38–42. It should also be recalled that in the fifties substantial numbers of Harijans in Maharashtra converted to Buddhism.
For a summary of the demands see Walter K. Andersen. ‘India, a Case Study’, in Philip H. Stoddard, David C. Cuthell and Margaret W. Sullivan, eds, Change and the Muslim World (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1981), pp. 127–134.
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© 1987 Hafeez Malik
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Baxter, C. (1987). India’s Relations with Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan. In: Malik, H. (eds) Soviet-American Relations with Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08553-8_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08553-8_4
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