Abstract
For two centuries, one of Iran’s principal preoccupations has been relations with Russia/the Soviet Union. During this period, basic patterns of political and economic interaction have developed between the two countries — patterns whose essential features have survived changes in their respective ideologies and regimes while responding and adapting to new circumstances.
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Notes
Rouhollah K. Ramazani, The Foreign Policy of Iran: A Developing Nation in World Affairs, 1500–1941, (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1966) pp 21–22.
This is how the British Ambassador to St. Petersburg. Goerge Buchanan, explained the situation to the Tzar in 1914. Quoted in Aryeh Y. Yodfat, The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Iran (New York: St. Martins Press, 1984) p. 8.
Mohammad-Taghi Bahar, Tarikh-e-Ahzab Siassi, Teheran: 1323 (1945) Vol. 1, p. 27.
Iran became very alarmed by the Nazi-Soviet Pact and approached the German Ambassador in Tehran. See R. K. Ramazani, Iran’s Foreign Policy 1941–1973 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1975) p. 26.
The Tudeh party’s advocacy of a security perimeter for the Soviet Union in Iran, and its support for separatist movements, caused deep splits within it, illustrated by Khalil Maleki’s breakaway ‘Third Force’ party, the forerunner of the theory of different roads to socialism. See Sepehr Zabih The Communist Movement in Iran (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966) p. 135.
Alven Z. Rubinstein, Soviet Policy Toward Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan (New York: Praeger, 1982) p. 67.
For details see R. K. Ramazani, The Persian Gulf: Iran’s Role (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1973)
and Shireen T. Hunter, ‘Arab-Iranian Relations and Stability in the Persian Gulf’, Washington Quarterly, Summer 1984, pp. 67–76.
R. M. Burrell & A. J. Cottrell, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan: Tensions and Dilemmas (California: Sage Publications, 1974) p. 7.
For Iran’s use of oil revenues as a tool of influence. See Shireen T. Hunter, OPEC and the Third World: The Politics of Aid (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984) pp. 106–123. One aspect of this policy that was particularly disturbing to the Russians was Iran’s efforts to distance Afghanistan from the Soviet Union.
See Selig S. Harrison, ‘Dateline Afghanistan: Exit through Finland’, Foreign Policy, Winter 1981–82, pp. 163–187.
Shireen T. Hunter, ‘Iranian Perceptions and a Wider World’, Political Communication and Persuasion, Fall 1984.
Shahram Chubin, ‘The Soviet Union and Iran’, Foreign Affairs, Spring 1983, p. 930.
For example, Kianuri, The Tudeh leader, told Eric Rouleau that, ‘as long as the hostages are in Iran, normalization of relations with the United States, as some politicians are dreaming of, will not be possible.’ Le Monde, 18 April 1980.
For an excellent analysis of intra-clerical divisions, see Shahrough Akhavi, in Nikki R. Keddi (ed.) The Iranian Revolution and the Islamic Republic, Middle East Institute/Wilson Center, 1982, pp. 17–28.
Muriel Atkins, ‘Moscow’s Disenchantment with Iran’, Survey, Autumn/ Winter 1983, pp. 248–250.
Alexander Bennigsen, ‘Mullahs, Mujahidin, & Soviet Muslims’, Problems of Communism, November/December 1984, pp. 28–44.
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© 1987 Hafeez Malik
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Hunter, S.T. (1987). The Soviet Union and the Islamic Republic of Iran. In: Malik, H. (eds) Soviet-American Relations with Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08553-8_12
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