Abstract
Pakistan’s technical progress toward some sort of atom bomb capability is now almost universally recognized.1 Questions remain about whether Pakistan has the intent or capacity to produce militarily serviceable nuclear devices, or even whether its reckoning is military at all. But few doubt that Pakistan is a nuclear threshhold state in some sense, or that its leaders wish to convey an impression that it is nuclear-weapon-capable in some fashion.2 If that impression is also consciously enigmatic, it may have some virtue for Pakistan partly because it invites the sort of speculation this chapter involves. And if the world believes Pakistan is nuclear-weapon-capable, that belief acquires a life of its own. Beliefs become facts in politics, and political facts have political consequences. The question of what are Pakistan’s nuclear options is, in part, a question about what Pakistan wishes to do with the political facts and what political consequences it hopes for.
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Notes
Rodney W. Jones, The Proliferation of Small Nuclear Forces. Report for the Defense Nuclear Agency (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Center for Strategic and International Studies, 30 April 1984) pp. 22–23
Leonard Spector, Nuclear Proliferation Today (New York: Random House, for the Carnegie Endownment for International Peace, 1984)
Richard K. Betts, ‘India, Pakistan, and Iran’, in Joseph A. Yager (ed.) Nonproliferation and U.S. Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1980) chs 5–7.
For Indian recognition of the capability, see D. K. Palit and P. K. S. Namboodiri, Pakistan’s Islamic Bomb (New Delhi: Vikas Publishers, 1979)
and P. B. Sinha and R. R. Subramanian, Nuclear Pakistan: Atomic Threat to South Asia (New Delhi: Vision Books, 1980).
Akhtar Ali, Pakistan’s Nuclear Dilemma (Karachi: Economist Research Unit, 1984)
Zalmay Khalilzad, ‘Pakistan: The Making of a Nuclear Power’, Asian Survey, Vol XVI, No. 6, June 1976, pp. 580–592.
For more extensive discussion, see Rodney W. Jones, Small Nuclear Forces (New York: Praeger Publishers, The Washington Papers, No. 103, 1984), chs 2–3
Rodney W. Jones, ‘Atomic Diplomacy in Developing Countries’, in John J. Stremlau (ed.) The Foreign Policy Priorities of Third World States (Boulder, Co: Westview Press, 1982) pp. 67–96.
For a rigorous discussion of motivations and incentives for proliferation and nonproliferation, see Stephen M. Meyer, The Dynamics of Nuclear Proliferation (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984).
Lewis A. Dunn, Controlling the Bomb: Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982).
Shai Feldman, Israeli Nuclear Deterrence: A Strategy for the 1980s (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983)
For a somewhat sensational but plausibly detailed account, see Steve Weissman and Herbert Krosney, The Islamic Bomb (New York: Times Books, 1981).
Rodney W. Jones, Nuclear Proliferation: Islam, the Bomb, and South Asia (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, The Washington Papers, No. 82, 1981), see pp. 29–32, especially note 19.
Jones, The Proliferation of Small Nuclear Forces, op. cit., pp. 22–23; Arnold Kramish, ‘The Bombs of Balnibarbi’, in Rodney W. Jones (ed.) Small Nuclear Forces and U.S. Security Policy: Threats and Potential Conflicts in the Middle East and South Asia (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1984) chp. 2, especially pp. 27–29.
Stephen P. Cohen, The Pakistan Army (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984).
See the traditional military view in Lt.-Gen. (retd.) M. Attiqur Rahman, Our Defence Cause (London: White Lion Publishers, 1976)
and Bhutto’s autobiographical account in Z. A. Bhutto, If I am Assassinated … (Delhi: Vikas Publishers, 1979); also Weissman and Kropsey, The Islamic Bomb, op. cit.
For Pakistan, see Akhtar Ali, Pakistan’s Nuclear Dilemma, op. cit.; and for India, see ‘Pakistan and the Bomb: The Benefits. of Ambivalence,’ op. cit.; and Bhabani Sen Gupta, Nuclear Weapons: Policy Options for India (New Delhi: Sage Publications India, for Centre for Policy Research, 1983).
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© 1987 Hafeez Malik
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Jones, R.W. (1987). Pakistan’s Nuclear Options. In: Malik, H. (eds) Soviet-American Relations with Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08553-8_10
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