Abstract
‘Social attitudes’ is not a very precise term. It must be treated with restraint. Otherwise it will quickly expand to embrace the whole ambit of governmental economic policies, a topic very properly assigned to a special session of this Conference. We shall deal here essentially with the significance for a country’s economic development of popular evaluations of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial activities; that is to say, of the general climate of opinion within which entrepreneurial action takes place. Even when so restricted, the problem remains vast, and a great deal of patient monographic research is necessary before any firm conclusions can be reached. The following impressionistic remarks, therefore, purport to do no more than to present briefly some general lines of thought that have been pursued so far, to issue some warnings against too ready an acceptance of certain abstract models, and to illustrate these warnings by reference to some segments of European history of the nineteenth century. With regard to the latter, the emphasis is on earlier stages of industrialisation rather than on conditions in mature economies. Except for a brief allusion, the question as to what extent European historical experience can be used for elucidating the current problems of underdeveloped countries must likewise remain outside the scope of this paper.
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Notes
The following references are taken from the symposium Towards a General Theory of Social Action, edited by Talcott Parsons and Edward A. Shils, Cambridge, 1952, particularly from the fundamental Part 2. Values, Motives and Systems of Action, which comes from the pens of the two editors. This volume, it may be added, provides a most convenient point of entry for an economist who wishes to trespass upon the domain of modern sociology.
Cf. in this connection the interesting treatment by Dr Redlich of what he calls the ‘daimonic’ entrepreneur, e.g. in Fritz Redlich, History of American Business Leaders (Ann Arbor, 1940) Vol. I, pp. 2–6, and ‘The ‘Business Leader as a Daimonic Figure’, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. XII, Nos 2 and 3, January–April, 1953.
Cf. J. A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, New York, 1942, p. 132. Also, Business Cycles, New York and London, Vol. I, p. 100.
Augustin Thierry, Essai sur l’histoire de la formation et des progrès du tiers état, Paris, 1856, Vol. I, pp. 108–10.
Cf. David S. Landes, ‘French Entrepreneurship and Industrial Growth in the Nineteenth Century’, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. IX: 1, May 1949, pp. 45–61; ‘French Business and the Businessmen in Social and Cultural Analysis’, in Modern France, Edward Mead Earle (ed.) Princeton, 1951, pp. 334–53; John E. Sawyer, ‘Strains in the Social Structure of Modern France’, pp. 293–312; and ‘The Entrepreneur and the Social Order, France and the United States’, in Men in Business, William Miller (ed.) Harvard University Press, 1952.
Cf. Ralph M. Hower, History of Macy’s of New York, 1858–1919, Harvard University Press, 1943, pp. 411 et seq.
G. d’Avenel, Le mèchanisme de la vie moderne, Paris, 1902, p. 174 et seq.
Somerset Maugham, A Writer’s Notebook, New York, 1949, p. 153.
Ernest Renan, ‘Philosophie de l’histoire contemporaine: la monarchie constitutionnelle en France’, Revue des Deux Mondes, 1 November 1869, vol. 84, Seconde Période, p. 93.
Modern research, for instance, has assembled considerable evidence to show that even the American merchants in mid-nineteenth-century frontier regions held merchandising in low esteem and tried to escape from it as soon as possible into more honorific careers. See, for example, Lewis E. Atherton, The Pioneer Merchant in Mid-America, The University of Missouri Studies, vol. XIV:2, 1 April 1939, pp. 30–1.
J. A. Schumpeter, Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, Munich and Leipzig, 1926, p. 134.
Eli F. Heckscher, ‘David Davidson’, International Economic Papers, No. 2, London/New York, 1952, p. 126. Cf. also Heckscher’s Historieeupfattning, materialisk och annan, Stockholm, 1944, pp. 30–1; and W. K. Hancock’s emphasis on the basic ‘impurity’ of economic history, Economic History at Oxford, Oxford, 1946, p. 5.
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© 1987 The International Economic Association
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Gerschenkron, A. (1987). Social Attitudes, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development. In: Dupriez, L.H., Robinson, A. (eds) Economic Progress. International Economic Association Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08440-1_13
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