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The Contemporary UNESCO Debate on Regulation of Education

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The UN, UNESCO and the Politics of Knowledge

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Abstract

This chapter will consider UNESCO standard-setting activities in the field of education in the mid-1970s to see how the results compare both with those in the education field in the postwar era and with contemporary developments in the communications sphere.

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References

  1. Recommendation concerning education for international understanding, cooperation and peace and education relating to human rights and fundamental freedoms (hereafter Recommendation on Ed. for IU), adopted by UNESCO 19 C/Res. 38 of 19 November 1974 (UNESCO 19 C/Resolutions at 147).

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  2. See UNESCO Doc. 19 C/19 (1976) p. 11. For decision to study the question of preparing an instrument, see UNESCO 15 C/Res. 1.271 of 19 November 1968 (UNESCO 15 C/Resolutions at 26) ; and for a study of the pre-history of the subject, see UNESCO Doc. 89 EX/11 (1972).

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  3. E.g. UNESCO 13 C/Res. 6.21 of 6 November 1964 (UNESCO 13 C/Resolutions at 88); 14 C/Res. 10 of 28 November 1966 (UNESCO 14 C/Resolutions at 92); USSR, UNESCO Doc. 15 C/DR.93 (1968); Byelorussian SSR, UNESCO Doc. 16 C/DR.101 (1970); and UNESCO 16 C/Res. 8 of 7 November 1970 (UNESCO 16 C/Resolutions at 79).

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  4. See UNESCO Docs. 89 EX/SR.12 (27 June 1972), statement by Mr Haahr, p. 122. Also UNESCO 17 C/Reports, pp. 28–9.

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  5. See UNESCO Doc. 17 C/Res. 1.222 of 17 November 1972 (UNESCO 17 C/Resolutions at 24). See also UNESCO Doc. 17 C/19 (1972).

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  6. See UNESCO Docs ED/MD/32 (1974) Annex I, and ED/MD/32 Add., pp. 1–5 and 19–21.

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  7. UNESCO Doc. ED/MD/27 (1973). I am indebted to Messrs Guiton and Irvine for background information on the drafting of the instrument.

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  8. UNESCO Doc. ED/MD/32 Annex I and Add. and Add. 2–3 (1974).

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  9. UNESCO Doc. ED/MD/32 Annex III.

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  10. For full set of amendments, see UNESCO Docs. ED-74/CONF.208/ DR. 1–167 (1974).

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  11. UNESCO Docs. ED-74/CONF.208/DR. 10, 45 and 59–60 (Switzerland); 11, 46–7, 107, 109, 126 and 137–45 (West Germany); 13, 27, 30, 58 and 125 (Belgium and/or Netherlands); 24–5 and 55 (France); 50–4, 127–34 and 147–8 (Nordic countries); and 69–70, 86–93 and 166 (Japan) (1974).

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  12. UNESCO Docs. ED-74/CONF.208/DR. 2, 4–5, 7, 36–42, 73–85 and 151–62 (1974).

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  13. UNESCO Docs. ED-74/CONF.208/DR. 8, 12, 16–18, 43, 56–7, 63, 72 and 149–50 (1974).

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  14. UNESCO Docs. ED/MD/32 Annex I, pp. 3–4 and 17–18; and ED/MD/32 Add., pp. 5–12, 15–17 and 20–1 (1974).

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  15. For attendance record, see UNESCO Doc. 18 C/24 (1974).

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  16. UNESCO Docs. ED-74/CONF.208/DR. 19–23, 31–35, 94–106 and 110–24; see also alternative Mexican draft in UNESCO Doc. ED/MD/32 Add. 3 (1974).

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  17. UNESCO Docs ED-74/CONF.208/DR. 1, 3 and 6 (Dahomey); 14 (Philippines); 15 and 44 (Chile); 26 and 48 (Iran); 28–9 (Liberia); 49 (Peru); 61–2, 64–7 and 135–6 (Sudan) and 108 (Senegal) (1974). See also written comments by Argentina, Guatemala, Mauritius and Singapore in UNESCO Doc. ED/MD/32 Annex I pp. 1–2, 8–9 and 12–14; India, Thailand and Zambia, UNESCO Doc. ED/MD/32 Add., pp. 17–19 and 25; and Egypt, UNESCO Doc. ED/MD/32 Add. 2 (1974).

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  18. UNESCO Doc. 18 C/24 (1974) Annex I.

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  19. UNESCO 18 C/Proceedings Part 2, p. 280 para. 24.

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  20. UNESCO Doc. 18 C/24 (1974) Annex I para. 3.

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  21. Ibid., para. 5.

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  22. Ibid., para. 6.

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  23. Ibid., para. 16.

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  24. Ibid., para. 11.

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  25. Ibid., para. 12.

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  26. Ibid., para. 33.

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  27. Ibid., para. 37.

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  28. Ibid., para. 43.

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  29. UNESCO Doc. ED-74/CONF.208/DR.165 (1974).

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  30. UNESCO Doc. 18 C/24 (1974) Annex I para. 36(b).

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  31. As note 6 above.

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  32. For record of debate, see UNESCO Doc. 18 C/24 (1974) Annex II.

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  33. UNESCO Doc. ED/MD/32 Add. (1974), p. 19.

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  34. UNESCO 18 C/Reports, p. 35 para. 240.

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  35. UNESCO Doc. 18 C/ED/DR.6 (1974).

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  36. See UNESCO 18 C/Reports, p. 35 paras 294 and 296; and UNESCO Doc. 18 C/118 (1974).

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  37. UNESCO Doc. 18 C/ED/DR.7 (1974).

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  38. See UNESCO 18 C/Proceedings Part 2, pp. 276–86, paras 11 to 73.2.

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  39. Ibid.

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  40. Ibid., p.283.

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  41. Ibid., pp. 279–80 paras 22.1 to 22.3.

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  42. Ibid.

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  43. Ibid., p.283.

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  44. Recommendation on Ed. for IU, op. cit., para. 6.

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  45. Interviews with Mr D. Irvine in November 1978 and March 1983; and with Mr A. Brock, UNESCO Dept. of Public Information, on 24 March 1983.

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  46. UNESCO 18 C/Proceedings Part 2, pp. 283–4.

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  47. For detail of opposing votes, see Buergenthal & Torney, International Human Rights and International Education, op. cit., p. 6.

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  48. UNESCO 18 C/Proceedings Part 2, pp. 285–6.

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  49. Ibid., p.285.

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  50. Buergenthal & Torney, International Human Rights & International Education, op. cit., p.6.

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  51. Note that the Buergenthal & Torney volume cited above was part of the US contribution to implementation of the instrument.

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  52. Revised Recommendation concerning Technical and Vocational Education (hereafter Revised Recommendation), adopted on 19 November 1974 (UNESCO 18 C/Resolutions at 154).

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  53. For background reports, see UNESCO Docs. 17 C/20 (1972) Annex; and ED/MD/28 (1973) Parts A & B.

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  54. UNESCO Doc. ED/MD/28 (1973) Part C.

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  55. UNESCO Docs. ED/MD/33 Annex I; and ED/MD/33 Add. and Add.2 (1974).

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  56. See UNESCO Docs ED/MD/33 Annex I, pp. 11, 12–16, 31 and 34–5; ED/MD/33 Add., p. 5; ED/MD/33 Add.2 p. 3; 18 C/25 Annex II; and 18 C/ED/DR.4 (1974).

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  57. UNESCO Docs. ED/MD/33 Annex I; and ED/MD/33 Add. 2 (1974).

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  58. Ibid.; and UNESCO Doc. ED/MD/33 Add. (1974).

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  59. See UNESCO Docs ED/MD/33 Annex I pp. 23 and 26–7; and ED/MD/33 Add., p.7 (1974).

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  60. UNESCO Docs. ED/MD/33 Add. pp. 3–5; and ED-74/CONF.209/ DR.71 (1974).

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  61. Revised Recommendation, op. cit., paras. 12, 21(a), 22, 24, 31, 35, 36(c), 64 and 92.

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  62. For attendance record, see UNESCO Doc. 18 C/25 (1974) Annex III.

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  63. Revised Recommendation op. cit., para. 5.

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  64. UNESCO Docs. ED/MD/28 (1973) Part C para. 5; and ED/MD/33 (1974) Annex III para. 5.

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  65. UNESCO Doc. ED-74/CONF.209/DR.31 (1974).

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  66. UNESCO Doc. ED/MD/28 (1973) Part C paras. 34(d), 36(c), 74(b) & 88

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  67. UNESCO Doc. ED-74/CONF.209/DR.81 (1974).

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  68. Revised Recommendation op. cit., para. 36(d).

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  69. Ibid., para. 39(a).

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  70. Ibid., para. 76.

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  71. Ibid., para. 91.

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  72. See UNESCO Doc. ED-74/CONF.209/DR.125. (1974) and Revised Recommendation op. cit., preamble, 2nd recital.

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  73. UNESCO Doc. ED-74/CONF.209/DR.23 (1974).

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  74. UNESCO Doc. ED-74/CONF.209/DR.112 (1974).

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  75. For attendance records, see UNESCO Docs. 18 C/25 (1974) Annex III, and 18 C/24 (1974) Annex III. .

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  76. UNESCO Doc. 18 C/25 (1974) Annex I.

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  77. See UNESCO Doc. 18 C/25 (1974) Annex II.

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  78. UNESCO 18 C/Reports, p. 29.

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  79. UNESCO 18 C/Proceedings Part 2, pp. 275–6.

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  80. Recommendation on the Development of Adult Education (hereafter Recommendation on Adult Ed.), adopted by UNESCO 19 C/Res. 6.114 of 26 November 1976 (UNESCO 19 C/Resolutions Annex I at 3).

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  81. UNESCO Doc. 19 C/24 (1976) Annex II p. 1.

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  82. I am grateful to Mr Bertelsen for insights into the drafting process supplied during interview on 23 March 1983.

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  83. UNESCO Docs. ED/MD/40 (1976) Annex I, and ED/MD/40 Add. and Add. 2 (1976).

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  84. UNESCO Doc. ED/MD/40 (1976) Annex III.

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  85. See UNESCO Docs. ED/MD/37 (1975) Annex I, preamble, 3rd recital, and operative para. 2(b); and ED/MD/40 (1976) Annex III, preamble, 2nd recital.

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  86. See UNESCO Docs. ED/MD/40 Annex I; and ED/MD/40 Add. and Add. 2–5 (1976).

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  87. UNESCO Docs. ED-76/CONF.207/DR. 1–275 (1976).

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  88. As notes 85–7 above.

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  89. Ibid.

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  90. Ibid.

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  91. UNESCO Docs. ED/MD/40 Annex I p. 29; ED/MD/40 Add., pp. 18, 23 and 27; and ED-76/CONF.207/DR.47 and 74 (1976).

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  92. UNESCO Docs. ED/MD/40 Add., e.g. pp. 5, 9–12, 21 and 30–3; and ED/MD/40 Add.5 p. 1 (1976).

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  93. See UNESCO Doc. ED/MD/40 (1976) Annex I, pp. 6, 19–21, 32, 35 and 45.

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  94. E.g. UNESCO Docs. ED-76/CONF.207/DR. 70, 71, 84, 86, 88, 100, 175, 177, 197, 253, 263 and 269 (1976).

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  97. UNESCO Docs. ED-76/CONF.207/DR.1–275 (1976).

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  98. UNESCO Doc. ED-76/CONF.207/DR.88 (1976).

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  115. See UNESCO Docs ED-76/CONF.207/DR.32, 33, 42 and 66 (1976), and Recommendation on Adult Ed., op. cit., paras. 11 and 25.

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  121. See UNESCO Doc. 19 C/24 (1976) Annex II p. 6.

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  1. Clare Wells
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© 1987 Clare Wells

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Wells, C. (1987). The Contemporary UNESCO Debate on Regulation of Education. In: The UN, UNESCO and the Politics of Knowledge. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08409-8_7

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