Abstract
This chapter will examine the effects of the superpower global rivalry on the South Asian complex. It will address the following questions:
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(1)
Did the Soviet-American penetration of South Asia occur more as a result of the push generated by the global rivalry between them, or more as a consequence of demand pull from India and Pakistan? A related question is to what extent the superpower penetration has been conditioned by the subsequent and parallel pattern of Sino-Soviet penetration. Should the Sino-Soviet-American role in South Asia be considered as a single game or as two essentially separate, if overlapping, dynamics¿
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(2)
Has the impact of Soviet-American penetration been to exacerbate or ameliorate the dynamic of rivalry in South Asia and what are the relevant mechanisms involved?
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(3)
How important is the Soviet-American presence for maintaining the existing structure of the South Asian complex, and how does the superpower rivalry over Afghanistan affect the structure?
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(4)
How important is South Asia to Soviet-American rivalry? How deep and how durable are American and Soviet interests in maintaining their current pattern of intervention and is this pattern of intervention likely to change towards one of the greater or lesser intensity?
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Notes
For example, see I. Gandhi, ‘India and the US’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 51, no. 1972, p. 50,
B. R. Nayar, ‘Treat India Seriously’, Foreign Policy, no. 18 (1975) pp. 133–54.
M. Ayoob, ‘India as a Factor in Sino-Pakistani Relations’, International Studies, January 1968, p. 283;
States Department policy statement on Pakistan, 1 July 1951, FR, 1951, vol. 6, p. 2208 and Record of conversation between Foreign Office and McGhee, 3 April 1951, FO 371/92875.
M. Venkataramani, The American Role in Pakistan (New Delhi, 1982) pp. 351 ff.
S. M. Burke, Pakistan’s Foreign Policy (Oxford, 1973) pp. 323, 328–30.
This account is based on, R. Jackson, ‘The Great Powers and the Indian Subcontinent’, and W. J. Barnds, ‘India and America at Odds’, International Affairs, vol. 49, no. 3 (1973) pp. 35–50 and 371–84 respectively;
C. van Hollen, ‘The Tilt Policy Revisited: Nixon-Kissinger Geopolitics and South Asia’, Asian Survey, vol. 20, no. 4 (1980) pp. 339–61;
See also B. Sen Gupta, ‘Scrambled Strategic View’, India Today, 15 November 1982, p. 68.
J. A. Naik, Soviet Policy Towards India (Delhi, 1970) pp. 30 ff,
and S. Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography vol. 2, 1947–1956 (London, 1979) pp. 44–5.
This paragraph is based on B. Sen Gupta, The Fulcrum of Asia (New York, 1970),
and J. Vertzberger, ‘The Political Economy of Sino-Pakistani Relations’, Asian Survey, vol. 23, no. 5 (1953) pp. 647–8.
Mrs Gandhi’s interview with C. L.Sulzberger, cited in R. Horn, Soviet-Indian Relations (New York, 1982) p. 34.
For background of Treaty, see Horn, Soviet Indian Relations; R. H. Donaldson, Soviet Policy Towards India (Cambridge, 1974) ch. 6.
See also J. P. Chiddick, ‘Indo-Soviet Relations, 1966–1971’, Millennium, vol. 3, no. 1 (1974) pp. 17–36.
On Pakistan’s domestic politics, see K. B. Sayeed, Politics in Pakistan (New York, 1980) pp. 187–8;
L. Ziring, ‘Pakistan’s Nationalities Dilemma: Domestic and International Relations’, in Ziring (ed.), The Subcontinent in World Politics (New York, 1978) pp. 89 ff,
and A. Saikal, ‘The Pakistan Unrest and the Afghanistan Problem’, World Today, March 1984, pp. 102–7.
R. Kothari, ‘A Fragmented Nation’, Seminar, January 1983, pp. 24–9.
Saikal, ‘The Pakistan Unrest’, World Today, March 1984, pp. 102–7
and J. Elliott, ‘Waiting for General Zia’, Financial Times, 2 May 1984.
R. Litwak, ‘The Soviet Union in India’s Security Perspective’, in R. Litwak et al., India and the Great Powers, International Institute of Strategic Studies (1984) p. 112.
S. Nihal Singh, ‘The Convenience Factor’, Illustrated Weekly of India, 30 October 1983,
and ‘Why India Goes to Moscow for Arms’, Asian Survey, vol 25, no 7 (1984) p. 719;
Inder Malhotra, ‘India’s Defence Problems’, Times of India, 19 January 1984.
On Indian Ocean politics see among others, A. J. Cottrell and R. M. Burrell (eds), The Indian Ocean: Its Political, Economic and Military Importance (New York, 1972);
K. R. Singh, Politics of the Indian Ocean (Delhi, 1974);
A. J. Cottrell and associates, Sea Power and Strategy in the Indian Ocean (London, 1981);
L. W. Bowman and I. Clark, The Indian Ocean in Global Politics (Boulder, 1981);
R. B. Rais, ‘An Appraisal of US Strategy in the Indian Ocean’, Asian Survey, vol. 23, no. 9 (1983) pp. 1043–51;
C. Kumar, ‘The Indian Ocean: Arc of Crisis or Zone of Peace?’, International Affairs, vol. 60, no. 2 (1984) pp. 23–46.
K. Subrahmanyam, ‘An Indian Perspective on International Security’, in D. H. McMillen (ed.), Asian Perspectives on International Security (Macmillan, 1984) p. 154.
The point is made by R. G. C. Thomas, ‘Security Relationships in Southern Asia’, Asian Survey, vol. 21, no. 7 (1981) pp. 697–8.
S. Harrison, ‘For Pakistan, Effective Aid’, International Herald Tribune, 9 January 1981;
and C. Van Hollen, ‘Leaning on Pakistan’, Foreign Policy, no. 38 (1980) p. 50.
For recent reports of US Pakistan nuclear controversy, see for example, J. N. Parimoo, ‘President Zia’s Visit to US’, Times of India, 21 December 1982;
International Herald Tribune, 22 June 1984 and editorial, ‘Chinese Nuclear Pact’, 3 July 1984;
South, July 1984;
South, July 1984
and Far Eastern Economic Review, 2 August 1984.
See for example, Wirsing and Roherty, ‘The United States and Pakistan’, International Affairs, vol. 58, no. 4 (1982) p. 589
and J. S. Mehta, ‘A Neutral Solution’, Foreign Policy, No. 47 (1982) pp. 140, 147.
On Indo-US differences, see among others, I. Badhwar, ‘Indo-Pakistan Tangle’, Indian Today, 15 May 1984, p. 67;
International Herald Tribune, 16 November 1981;
This account is based on Financial Times, 29 October 1984 and Hari Jai Singh, ‘India and IAEA’, Indian Express, 11 April 1984.
H. S. Bradsher, ‘Afghanistan’, Washington Quarterly, vol. 7, no. 3, 1984, p. 46.
See also W. E. Griffith, ‘The USSR and Pakistan’, Problems of Communism, January–February 1982, pp. 41, 44;
and P. I. Cheema, ‘The Afghanistan Crisis and Pakistan’s Security Dilemma’, Asian Survey, vol. 23, no. 3, March 1984, p. 52.
J. L. Nogee and R. H. Donaldson, Soviet Foreign Policy Since World War II (New York, 1981) p. 161.
B. Sen Gupta, quoted in Far Eastern Economic Review, 16 August 1984, p. 28.
B. Sen Gupta, ‘For Better or For Worse’, India Today, 31 March 1984, p. 44.
Also A. Z. Rubinstein, Soviet and Chinese Influence in the Third World (New York, 1975) pp. 42–4.
A. Z. Rubinstein, Soviet Foreign Policy Since World War II, (Cambridge, 1981) p. 223.
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© 1986 Barry Buzan and Gowher Rizvi
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Singh, A.I. (1986). The Superpower Global Complex and South Asia. In: South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07939-1_8
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