Abstract
This study does not aim to provide an exhaustive analysis of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND)’s influence on Britain’s nuclear arms control policy between 1957 and 1963 for two main reasons. First, although a full-scale study of CND’s organisation and effect is still required, much work has already been done and is readily available.1 Second, and perhaps more importantly, the CND, which came to subsume so many diverse individuals and groups, was more significant at that time as a sociological grouping than as an influential pressure group. The direct influence of CND on government policymaking in regard to the CTBT or nuclear disarmament as a whole was, in the author’s opinion, very much more limited than the organisation’s scale and the publicity it attracted might lead one to believe.
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Notes and References
See, for example, J. M. Rosenau, Public Opinion and Foreign Policy (New York, 1961).
G. Almond, The American People and Foreign Policy (New York, 1960).
V. O. Key, Public Opinion and American Democracy (New York, 1961). The evidence analysed and presented by David Butler and Donald Stokes, Political Change in Britain (London, 1969) would appear to support this general thesis.
D. Vital, The Making of British Foreign Policy (London, 1968) p. 72.
D. Capitanchik, ‘Public Opinions and Popular Attitudes towards Defence’, British Defence Policy in a Changing World, ed. J. Baylis (London, 1977) p. 255.
See also J. Baylis (ed.), Alternative Approaches to British Defence Policy (London, 1983) p. 1.
On the concept of political culture, a useful British text is R. Dowse and J. Hughes, Political Sociology (London, 1972).
Though see R. Terchek, The Making of the Test Ban Treaty (The Hague, 1970) chap. 6.
J. C. Garnett, ‘Some Constraints on Defence Policy-Makers’, The Management of Defence, ed. L. W. Martin (London, 1976) p. 35.
R. Rose, Politics in England (London, 1965) p. 135.
M. Jones, ‘The Voice of an Era’, Man of Christian Action, ed. Ian Henderson (London, 1976) p. 73.
See, for example, J. A. Hobson, Richard Cobden, The International Man (London, 1918).
A. J. P. Taylor, The Troublemakers (London, 1957).
R. Rose, ‘The Relation of Socialist Principles to Labour Foreign Policy. (unpublished D.Phil. thesis, Oxford, 1959) all quoted in Rose, Politics in England p. 45.
D. V. Edwards, ‘The Movement for Unilateral Nuclear Disarmament in Britain’ (unpublished BA thesis, Swarthmore College, 1962) p. 2.
J. Newman in New York Herald-Tribune Apr 1954, quoted in Edwards, p.4.
A. J. R. Groom, ‘The British Deterrent’, British Defence Policy in a Changing World, ed. J. Baylis (London, 1977) p. 127.
H. Thomas, The Suez Affair (London, 1970) p. 175. It is noteworthy however, as Arthur Marwick has remarked, how quickly passions about Suez were spent: e.g. it was hardly mentioned during the 1959 General Election Campaign, A. Marwick, British Society Since 1945 (London, 1982) p. 105.
Sir Stephen King-Hall, Defence in the Nuclear Age (London, 1958).
See most notably J. B. Priestley, ‘Britain and the Nuclear Bombs’, New Statesman 2 Feb 1957, quoted in Driver, p. 39.
V. Bogdanor, ‘The Labour Party in Opposition 1951–64’, in The Age of Affluence, ed. V. Bogdanor and R. Skidelsky (London, 1970), p. 78.
M. Walker, ‘The Labour Party and Defence 1957–64’, unpublished University of Wales M.Sc. thesis, 1974.
S. Haseler, The Gaitskellites (London, 1969) pp. 125–33.
E. Barker, Britain in a Divided Europe 1945–70 (London, 1971) pp. 60–3.
M. Foot, Aneurin Bevan, vol. 2 (1973) pp. 554–5.
M. Harrison, Trades Unions and the Labour Party since 1945 (London, 1960) pp. 237–8.
S. Parkin, Middle Class Radicalism (Manchester, 1968) pp. 116–18.
R. Worcester, Roots of British Air Policy (London, 1966) pp. 189–91.
B.Russell and N. Scott, Act or Perish 25 Oct 1960, quoted in Edwards, p. 72.
Using questionnaires sent to 148 local parties where the CDS campaigned, two political scientists concluded that one in three of their sample of constituency parties moved from unilateralism to multilateralism between the 1960 and 1961 Party Conferences. Keith Hindle and Philip Williams, Political Quarterly (July-Sep 1962) pp. 306–20.
This is a view supported by one of Macmillan’s biographers; see Anthony Sampson, Macmillan (London, 1968) p. 223.
H. Young, ‘Politics Outside the System’, ed. C. Cook and D. McKie, The Decade of Disillusion (London, 1972) pp. 216–17.
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© 1986 J. P. G. Freeman
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Freeman, J.P.G. (1986). The Influence of Protest: The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, 1957–63. In: Britain’s Nuclear Arms Control Policy in the Context of Anglo-American Relations, 1957–68. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07807-3_3
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