Abstract
The peculiar problems of small countries are the subject of much discussion in the literature on current developmental experience but have not been much analysed in a historical context. Yet the question of how such countries responded to the challenges offered by the industrial revolution in Europe raises many interesting issues. In this paper I have tried to put forward some general ideas that may form the basis of future research, looking at the development of a group of such countries in North West Europe–Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland. ‘Small’ is here defined in terms of population. In 1910/11 there were 7.4 m people in Belgium, 5.9 m in the Netherlands, 5.5 m in Sweden, 3.8 m in Switzerland, 2.8 m in Denmark and 2.4 m in Norway. The rate of growth of output per head (1870–1914) ranged from 2.3 per cent per annum for Sweden and 2.1 per cent for Denmark, the highest rates in western Europe, to 1.3 per cent for Switzerland and 1.4 per cent for Norway, among the lowest.1 Growth in Belgium averaged 1.7 per cent but this kind of rate was experienced there for some three decades before 1870, considerably longer than in the other countries under discussion.
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Notes
A. Maddison, Economic Growth in the West (New York, 1964) pp. 28–37.
A. S. Milward and S. B. Saul, The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe, 1850–1914 (London, 1977) pp. 66–69.
E. A. G. Robinson (ed.), The Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations (London, 1960) p. 28.
See generally B. Kádár, Small Countries in World Economy (Budapest, 1970).
The statistics were taken from the House of Commons Command Paper Statistical Abstract for Foreign Countries.
A. Wibail, ‘L’Evolution de la Siderurgie Belge de 1830 à 1913’, Bulletin de l’Institut des Sciences Economiques, (1933) Appendix IV.
Joel Mokyr, ‘Demand versus Supply in the Industrial Revolution’, Journal of Economic History, XXXVII (1977) p. 998.
Ibid., 996. For locomotives see A. S. Milward and S. B. Saul, The Economic Development of Continental Europe, 1780–1870 (London, 1973) p. 209 and S. B. Saul, ‘The Engineering Industries’ in D. Aldcroft, The Rise of British Industry and Foreign Competition (London, 1968) pp. 196–7.
See R. Vernon, The Technology Factor in International Trade (New York, 1970) pp. 179–181.
See D. S. Landes, ‘Watchmaking: A Case Study in Enterprise and Change’, Business History Review, LIII (1979) p. 34.
C. Reuss, E. Koutry and L. Tychan, Le Progrès Economique en Siderurgie (Louvain, 1960) p. 58.
L. Sandberg, ‘The Case of the Impoverished Sophisticate. Human Capital and Swedish Economic Growth before World War I’, Journal of Economic History, XXXIX (1979) pp. 225–241.
F. X. Van Houtte, L’Evolution de l’Industrie Textile (Louvain, 1949) p. 171.
J. A. de Jonge, De Industrialisatie in Nederland tussen 1850 en 1914 (The Hague, 1968) Table 9.
Milward and Saul, The Economic Development of Continental Europe, 1780–1870, (1973) P. 456.
J. Kuuse, Interaction between Agriculture and Industry (Göteborg, 1974) pp. 180 and 191.
Milward and Saul, The Economic Development of Continental Europe, 1780–1870, (1973) P. 416.
See generally F. Hodne, ‘Growth in a Dual Economy’, Economy and History, XVI (1973) P. 99.
I am grateful to Charles P. Kindleberger for some of the ideas in the last paragraph and indeed for his kind help and encouragement in general both for the article and in many other respects over the years.
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© 1982 Charles P. Kindleberger and Guido di Tella
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Saul, S.B. (1982). The Economic Development of Small Nations: the Experience of North West Europe in the Nineteenth Century. In: Kindleberger, C.P., di Tella, G. (eds) Economics in the Long View. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-06290-4_5
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