Abstract
With the growth of an urban-industrial labour market, characterised by unemployment, wage labour and a general movement of workers between jobs, the early experience of workers comes to have a pervasive effect on subsequent opportunities and behaviour, not only in the labour market itself but outside it. For women this has been particularly true, affecting their ability to choose partners and various family-related activities, notably the number and timing of children.
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Notes
Studies elsewhere have suggested that ‘inherent ability’ explains a fairly small amount of educational attainment. H. Gintis: “Education, technology and the characteristics of worker productivity”, American Economic Review, Vol. 61, No.2, May 1971, pp. 266–79.
For brief reviews of the principles of path analysis see O.D. Duncan: “Path analysis: Sociological examples”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 72, No.1, July 1966, pp. 1–16;
M.G. Kendall and C.A. O‘Muircheartaugh: Path Analysis and Model Building (London, World Fertility Survey, Technical Bulletin No.2/Tech. 414, March 1977).
This has been the pattern observed in the United States, for example. C.E. Vincent, C.A. Honey and C.M. Cochrane: “Familial and generational patterns of illegitimacy”, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 31, No.4, November 1969, pp. 659–67;
L.G. Coombs, R. Freedman, J. Friedman and W.F. Pratt: “Premarital pregnancy and status before and after marriage”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 75, No.5, March 1970, pp. 800–20;
L.G. Coombs and R. Freedman: “Premarital pregnancy, childspacing and later economic achievement”, Population Studies, Vol. 24, No.3, November 1970, pp. 389–412.
S.A. Sinclair: “Fertility”, Chapter 6 in G.W. Roberts (ed.): Recent Population Movements in Jamaica, 1974, op. cit., p. 127.
D. Levine: Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (London, Academic Press, 1977), pp. 157–60.
G. Hawthorn: The Sociology of Fertility (London, Collier MacMillan, 1970), p. 86.
W.J. Goode: World Revolution and Family Patterns (New York, Free Press of Glencoe, 1963), p. 43.
D.T. Edwards: An Economic Study of Small Farming in Jamaica (Mona, Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1961), pp. 70–71.
For a recent summary of the literature, see S. Cochrane: Fertility and Education: What do we Really Know? (Baltimore and London, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979).
N. Ryder and CF. Westoff: Reproduction in the United States: 1965 (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1971), p. 77;
C.F. Westoff and R.H. Potvin: College and Fertility Values (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1907). This possibility was not considered by Cochrane.
See, for example, A. Zarate and A.U. de Zarate: “On the reconciliation of research findings of migrant-non-migrant fertility differentials in urban areas”, International Migration Review, Vol. 9, No.2, Summer 1975, pp. 115–56.
There are few empirical studies of this relationship. For one showing it in the United States, see F.L. Mott: “Fertility, life-cycle stage, and female labour force participation in Rhode Island: A retrospective overview”, Demography, Vol. 9, No.1, February 1972, pp. 173–85.
J.L. Simon: The Effects of Income on Fertility (Chapel Hill, North Carolina Population Center, 1974).
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© 1981 International Labour Organisation
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Standing, G. (1981). Labour Force Entry of Young Women: Schooling, Social Background and Demographic Implications. In: Unemployment and Female Labour. ILO Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-06148-8_9
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