Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Complications from the West

  • Chapter
Small-State Security in the Balkans

  • 39 Accesses

Abstract

Small states in Europe have traditionally looked to the larger nations of the continent for protection and trade, as noted in Chapter 1, and the Balkan nations have been no exception. Historically, the large powers of Western Europe, for their part, have sought to extend their influence, or at times control, to the Balkan region. Changes in the post-war period have brought about altered threat perceptions in Western Europe and in the Balkans and witnessed the development of organizations which at least initially appear to delineate various political and economic zones in the Balkans. Western influences were reflected through these organizations but the level and delineation are far from obvious. In the post-war period the nations of Western Europe ceased to become independent actors and they have formulated many of their most important policies under the guidance of, or at least conjointly with, the United States. Therefore the notion of Western influence has itself become more nuanced and complex. Furthermore, in the Balkans this influence has to function in an environment which contains a wide range of affinities and numerous cross-cutting cleavages.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes and References

  1. Edwin H. Fedder, NATO: The Dynamics of Alliance in the Postwar World ( New York: Dodd Mead, 1973 ) p. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  2. George Liska, Nations in Alliance ( Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962 ) p. 40.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Karl W. Deutsch and Morton A. Kaplan, ‘The Limits of International Coalitions’, in James N. Rosenau (ed.), International Aspects of Civil Strife ( Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969 ) pp. 170–1.

    Google Scholar 

  4. William T. R. Fox and Annette Baker Fox, NATO and the Range of American Choice ( New York: Columbia University Press, 1967 ) p. 252.

    Google Scholar 

  5. J. David Singer and Melvin Small, ‘Formal Alliances, 1815–1939: A Quantitative Description’, 1967 mimeo in Fedder, NATO , p. 40.

    Google Scholar 

  6. L. W. Martin, ‘Europe’, in R. E. Osgood et al., America and the World: from the Truman Doctrine to Vietnam ( Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970 ) p. 334.

    Google Scholar 

  7. NATO, NATO: facts About the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Paris: NATO Information Service, 1965) pp. 91–2.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Phil Williams, ‘NATO and the Eurogroup’, in K. J. Twitchett (ed.), European Co-operation Today ( London: Europa Publications, 1980 ) p. 27.

    Google Scholar 

  9. A. Buchan, NATO in the 1960s (New York: Praeger, 1963)quoted by Fox and Fox, op. cit., p. 252,fn. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Andre Beaufre, NATO and Europe (New York: Vintage Books, 1966) pp. 29, 32.

    Google Scholar 

  11. See W. C. Cromwell, The Eurogroup and NATO, Research Monograph Series No. 18 ( Philadelphia, Foreign Policy Research Institute, 1974 ).

    Google Scholar 

  12. See Josef Joffe, ‘European-American Relations: The Enduring Crisis’, Foreign Affairs (Spring 1981) p. 848.

    Google Scholar 

  13. David P. Calleo, ‘Inflation and American Power’, Foreign Affairs (Spring 1981) p. 808.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Robert H. Guest, Organizational Change: The Effect of Leadership ( Homewood Ill.: The Dorsey Press, 1962 ) pp. 151–2.

    Google Scholar 

  15. John Foster Dulles, ‘Developing NATO in Peace’, Department of State Bulletin, vol. 34 (30 April, 1956) pp. 709–10.

    Google Scholar 

  16. NATO, NATO Basic Documents ( Brussels, NATO Information Service, March 1976 ) pp. 77–82.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Helmut Schmidt, ‘A Policy of Reliable Partnership’, Foreign Affairs (Spring 1981) p. 745.

    Google Scholar 

  18. NATO, NATO: final Communiques 1949–1974 (NATO Information Service, 1974) pp. 156–9.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Harold and Margaret Sprout, The Ecological Perspective on Human Affairs (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965) pp. 25ff.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Pierre Lellouche, ‘Europe and Her Defence’, Foreign Affairs (Spring 1981) p. 816.

    Google Scholar 

  21. See Eugene Kozicharow, ‘NATO Emphasizing Political Cohesion’, Aviation Week and Space Technology (3 March 1981) pp. 57–61.

    Google Scholar 

  22. John S. Sanders, ‘Health is not Valued Till Sickness Comes: A Report on NATO’, Defense and foreign Affairs (February 1981) p. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bruce M. Russett, What Price Vigilance? ( New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1970 ) p. 99.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Harlan Cleveland, NATO: The Transatlantic Bargain ( New York: Harper and Row, 1970 ) p. 24.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hurriyet (Istanbul) 8 April, 1978; Tercuman (Istanbul) 9 April 1978 in Michael M. Boll, ‘Turkey’s New National Security Concept: What It Means For NATO’, Orbis (Fall, 1979) p. 610ff.

    Google Scholar 

  26. See George S. Harris, Troubled Alliance: Turkish-American Problems in Historical Perspective,1945–1971 ( Washington, AEI-Hoover Policy Studies, 1972 ) p. 238.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Marian Leighton, ‘Soviet-Turkish relations on the eve of Ecevit’s visit to Moscow’, Radio Liberty Report, 12 June 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Dankwart A. Rustow, ‘Turkey’s Travails’, Foreign Affairs (Fall 1979) P. 95.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Patrick Murphy, ‘The Rise of the New Greece’, Defense and Foreign Affairs (October 1980) p. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Marios L. Evriviades, ‘Greece After the Dictatorship’, Current History (November 1979) p. 166.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Nicholas Gage, ‘Greece Says NATO Role Is Its Price for U.S. Bases’, The New York Times, 5 September 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  32. See also George E. Gruin, ‘Ambivalence in the Alliance: U.S. Interest in the Middle East and the Evolution of Turkish Foreign Policy’, Orbis (Summer 1980 ) pp. 365, 367.

    Google Scholar 

  33. J. A. S. Granville, The Major International Treaties 1914–1973 ( New York, Stein and Day, 1974 ) p. 368.

    Google Scholar 

  34. See Slobodan Stankovic, ‘Yugoslav-Soviet Polemics over Afghanistan’, Radio Free Europe Background Report, 14 January 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  35. See Zdenko Antic, ‘Vladimir Bakaric recalls Soviet hegemonism’, Radio Free Europe Background Report, 5 February 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Norah Beloff, ‘Yugoslavia - One of the neutrals’, NATO’s Fifteen Nations (June-July 1982) pp. 50–1.

    Google Scholar 

  37. M. George Zaninovich, ‘Leadership and Change in Yugoslavia’, Current History, April 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  38. BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts, 1 December 1979, EE/5983/A2/4.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Commission of the European Communities and the Canadian Department of External Affairs, European Community: the facts ( Ottawa, Department of External Affairs, 1976 ) p. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  40. See E. Haas, The Uniting of Europe (Stanford: Stanford University Press 1968 )

    Google Scholar 

  41. M. Hodges (ed.), European Integration ( Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972 )

    Google Scholar 

  42. Leon Lindberg, The Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration ( Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963 )

    Google Scholar 

  43. Charles Pentland, International Theory and European Integration ( London: Faber, 1973 ).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Carol Cosgrove and K. J. Twitchett, ‘Merging the Communities: a Milestone in Western European Integration,’ Orbis (Fall 1969 ) pp. 848–64.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Speech of Christopher S. Tugendhat to the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors, ‘Community Decision Making’, 26 September 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Carol Cosgrove Twitchett, ‘The EEC and The European Cooperation,’ in K. J. Twitchett (ed.), European Cooperation Today ( London: Europa Publications, 1980 ) p. 48.

    Google Scholar 

  47. William C. Cromwell, ‘The European Community,’ Current History (November 1979) p. 151.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Delegation of Commission of the European Communities, ‘European Council Launches EMS’, European Community (Ottawa, April 1979) p. 1. Hereafter referred to as European Community.

    Google Scholar 

  49. William Wallace and David Allen, ‘Political Cooperation: Procedure as Substitute for Policy’, in Helen Wallace and Carole Webb (eds), Policy Making in the European Communities ( London: John Wiley, 1977 ) pp. 227–48.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Roger Morgan and David Allen, ‘The European Parliament: direct elections in national community perspective’, The World Today (August 1978) p. 302.

    Google Scholar 

  51. One of the few works has been that of Philip Taylor, When Europe Speaks With One Voice: The External Relations of the European Community ( London: Aldwych, 1979 )

    Google Scholar 

  52. Ghita lonescu (ed.), The European Alternatives: An Inquiry into the Policies of the European Community ( Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff and Noordhoff, 1979 ).

    Google Scholar 

  53. S. Hoffmann, ‘Fragments floating in the here and now’ Daedalus (Winter 1979) p. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  54. David Marquand, Parliament for Europe ( London: Cape, 1979 ).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Norbert Kolhase, ‘The Greco-Turkish Conflict from a European Community Perspective’, The World Today (April 1981) p. 128.

    Google Scholar 

  56. F. Stephen Larrabee, ‘Dateline Athens: Greece for the Greeks’ Foreign Policy, no. 45 (Winter 1981–2) p. 165.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Loukas Tsonkalis, ‘Greece in Europe: the tenth member’, The World Today (April 1981) p. 123.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Mehmet Ali Birand, ‘Turkey and the European Community’, The World Today (February 1978) pp. 52–61.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Kenneth Mackenzie, Turkey After the Storm, Conflict Studies, no. 43 ( London: Institute for the Study of Conflict, 1974 ) pp. 10–12.

    Google Scholar 

  60. John Kifner, ‘Turkish Coup Chiefs Make Vow to Bring Stability to the Nation’, New York Times, 13 September 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  61. A. Yalein, ‘View from Ankara’, Nato’s fifteen Nations (Brussels) February-March 1982, p. 54 and supplement of Review of Economic Conditions ( Ankara: Turkiye Is Bankasi A.S. ) pp. 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Ratko Borojevic ‘Yugoslavia’s Economic Relations with Developed Western Countries’, Yugoslav Survey, February 1979, pp. 42–3.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Committee for Integrated Social Information System, Bulgaria ‘78 (Sofia, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Frederick B. Chary, ‘Bulgaria: The Solace of History’, Current History (April 1981) pp. 164–5.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Nikolaos A. Stavrou, ‘Albania’ in R.F. Staar (ed.), Yearbook on International Communist Affairs 1982 ( Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1982 ) p. 376.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Toronto, Canada

    Aurel Braun (Associate Professor of International Relations)

Authors
  1. Aurel Braun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Copyright information

© 1983 Aurel Braun

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Braun, A. (1983). Complications from the West. In: Small-State Security in the Balkans. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-06133-4_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-06133-4_4

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-06135-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-349-06133-4

  • eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation