Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bilateralism and Multilateralism in the Balkans

  • Chapter
Small-State Security in the Balkans

  • 42 Accesses

Abstract

The agenda of the five Balkan states which met on 26 January 1976 in Athens, Greece included discussions of cooperation in agriculture, energy, transport, tourism, telecommunication, environment and public health. It was a meeting of all the Balkan states, with the exception of Albania which nevertheless gave its tacit approval to the meeting. It followed the Helsinki Accords and at least the Greek Prime Minister Karamanlis, who was the most enthusiastic proponent of the meeting, felt that this represented the first effort to ‘materialize’ those accords by advocating greater cooperation and security among the Balkan nations [1]. Nevertheless, the meeting was greeted with a great deal of scepticism by outside observers because of the many unresolved difficulties extant in the Balkan area. Moreover, there had been previous attempts at multilateral cooperation and bilateral cooperation where initial success quickly dissipated. Consequently there had been a failure to create a feeling of community in the region and a belief among the élites and the masses that the security of these states was so intertwined that the use of force, or even the contemplation of the use of force, would be unthinkable or at least impractical.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes and References

  1. Cal Clark and Robert L. Farlow, Comparative Patterns of foreign Policy and Trade ( Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976 ) pp. 3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe (London: Stevens and Sons, 1958) Ch. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  3. R. F. Byrnes, ‘Russia in Eastern Europe: Hegemony Without Security’, Foreign Affairs (July 1971) PP. 686–7.

    Google Scholar 

  4. T. I. Geshkoff, Balkan Union ( New York: Columbia University Press, 1940 ) p. 24.

    Google Scholar 

  5. L. Kossuth, Souvenirs et ecrits de mon exil (Paris, 1880) pp. 254 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  6. T. Lengyel, ‘The Hungarian Exiles and the Danubian Confederation’, The Hungarian Quarterly, vol. V (1939) PP. 450–61.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Tsola Dragoycheva, Macedonia ( Sofia: Sofia Press, 1979 ) pp. 8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Vanco Apostolski, Tsola Dragoicheva and her Memoirs Based on Greater Bulgarian Nationalist Positions ( Belgrade: Dour Jugoslovenska Revija, 1979 ) pp. 54–8.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Cyrus Sulzberger, ‘Balkan Unification’, Globe and Mail (Toronto), 11 September 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  10. M.G. Zaninovich, ‘The Yugoslov Variation of Marx’, in Wayne S. Vucinich (ed.), Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years After ( Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969 ) p. 294.

    Google Scholar 

  11. A. Borowiec, Yugoslavia After Tito ( New York: Praeger, 1977 ) P. 59.

    Google Scholar 

  12. A. Braun, ‘Yugoslav/Romanian Concept of Peoples War’, Canadian Defence Quarterly (Summer 1977) p. 39

    Google Scholar 

  13. Adam Roberts, Nations in Arms: The Theory and Practice of Territorial Defense ( New York: Praeger, 1976 ) pp. 172–218.

    Google Scholar 

  14. A. Braun, Romanian foreign Policy Since 1964 (New York: Praeger, 1978) PP. 168–82.

    Google Scholar 

  15. The Draft Balkan Pact of the Balkan Conference’ reprinted in R. J. Kerner and H. N. Howard, The Balkan Conferences and the Balkan Entente ( Berkeley: University of California Press, 1936 ) pp. 200–8.

    Google Scholar 

  16. A. Girard, ‘La IVe Conference balkanique’, Affaires etrangeres, vol. III (1933) pp. 612–21 (108).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Balkan Entente between Turkey, Greece, Rumania and Yugoslavia 9 February 1934 and Bulgaria 31 July 1938’, in J. A. S. Granville, Major International Treaties 1914–1973 ( New York: Stein and Day, 1974 ) p. 126.

    Google Scholar 

  18. L. N. Ewer, ‘The Balkan Alliance’, Halifax Chronicle and Herald, 19 August 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  19. George W. Hoffman and B. W. Neal, Yugoslavia and the New Communism ( New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1962 ) pp. 422–3.

    Google Scholar 

  20. C. L. Sulzberger, ‘How strong is the Balkan Alliance?’, New York Times, 29 June 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  21. T. Vladimiroff, ‘Bulgaria’s Novel Method of Reconstruction’, Current History, vol. XIII (1920) pp. 217–22

    Google Scholar 

  22. T. Vladimiroff, ‘Bulgaria’s Future; An Interview with Premier Stambulisky’, Living Age, vol. CCCVI (1920) pp. 274–6 (62).

    Google Scholar 

  23. David Mitrany, A Working Peace System ( Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966 ) p. 97.

    Google Scholar 

  24. David Mitrany, ‘The Functional Approach to World Oganization’, International Affairs, vol. XXIV (July 1948) P. 359.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe ( Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958 ) p. 16.

    Google Scholar 

  26. J. S. Nye, ‘Comparing Common Markets: a revised neo-functionalist model’, in L. L. Lindberg and S. A. Scheingoeld (eds), Regional Integration: Theory and Research ( Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971 ) PP. 193–4.

    Google Scholar 

  27. E. B. Haas and P. C. Schmitter, ‘Economic and differential patterns of political integration: projections about unity in Latin America’, in International Political Communities: An Anthology ( Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1966 ) p. 278.

    Google Scholar 

  28. M. P. Gehlen, ‘The Integrative Process in Eastern Europe: a Theoretical Framework’, Journal of Politics (30 February 1968 ) pp. 90–113.

    Google Scholar 

  29. C. Clark, ‘Foreign Trade as an Indicator of Political Interpretation in the Soviet Bloc’, International Studies Quarterly (15 September 1977) pp. 268–9.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Roger E. Kanet, ‘Integration Theory and the Study of Eastern Europe’, International Studies Quarterly, vol. 18 (September 1974) p. 389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. David Mitrany, ‘The Possibilities of a Balkan Locarno’ International Conciliation Series, no. 229 (1927) p. 162 in Geshkoff, Balkan Union, p. 70.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Lajos Lederer, ‘A Balkan Alliance’, Winnipeg free Press (Winnipeg), 15 September 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Xenophon Zolotas, ‘The Positive Contribution of Greece to the European Community’, Bank of Greece Papers and Lectures, no. 40 (Athens, 1978) Table 1, p. 61.

    Google Scholar 

  34. C. Murgescu and Aurel Ghibutiu, ‘Prezenta Romaniei in Circuitul Economic International si in sud-estul Euro- pean’ in Institutul de studii sud-est Europene, Romania in Sud-fstul furopei ( Bucharest: Editura Politica, 1979 ) P. 213.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Tanjug News Agency (Belgrade), 30 March 1978 cited by Nicholas L. Pano, ‘Albania’, in R. F. Staar (ed.), Yearbook on International Communist Affairs ( Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1979 ) p. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Judith Gurney, ‘Energy Needs in the Balkans: A Source of Conflict or Cooperation?’, The World Today (February 1978) p. 46.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Mehmet Shehu, Report on the Directives of the Seventh Congress of the Party of Labour of Albania for the Sixth five-Year Plan (1976–80)(Tirana, 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Anuarul Statistic al RSR 1980, p. 522 and Vassil Alexandrov and Peter Marinov, The Peoples Republic of Bulgaria: Country, Economy, foreign Trade (Sofia: Bulgarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 1978) pp. 63–4

    Google Scholar 

  39. Christopher C. Joyner, ‘The Energy Situation in Eastern Europe: Problems and Prospects’, East European Quarterly, vol. X, no. 4 (1978) pp. 495–516.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Marios L. Evriviades, ‘Greece After Dictatorship’ Current History (November 1979) p. 184.

    Google Scholar 

  41. See World Bank, Turkey: Prospects and Problems of an Expanding Economy (Washington: 1975) p. 235.

    Google Scholar 

  42. M. M. Boll, ‘Turkey’s New National Security Concept: What It Means For NATO’, Orbis (Fall 1979 ) p. 625.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Jonathan Steele, ‘The Balkans, a Defused Powder Keg’, Guardian (Manchester) 13 October 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Zeni i Popullit (Tirana), 3 February 1981, cited by Nikolaos A. Stavrou ‘Albania’, in R.F. Staar (ed.), Yearbook on International Communist Affairs 1982 (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1982) pp. 373–4.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Toronto, Canada

    Aurel Braun (Associate Professor of International Relations)

Authors
  1. Aurel Braun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Copyright information

© 1983 Aurel Braun

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Braun, A. (1983). Bilateralism and Multilateralism in the Balkans. In: Small-State Security in the Balkans. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-06133-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-06133-4_2

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-06135-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-349-06133-4

  • eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation