Abstract
In the previous chapter we studied the major types of bonding in solids (ionic, covalent, and metallic), and now we shall see how the character of a phase depends on the nature of distribution of the component atoms in it. The phase may be solid, liquid or gaseous, which are the three commonly occurring states of matter. Although solid phases are of primary importance in materials science, gases and liquids are also of interest in their own right.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Zernicke, F. and Prins, J.A., ‘Die Beugung von Röntgenstrahlen in Flüssigkeiten als Effekt der Molekulanordnung’, Z. Phys., 41, 1927, 184.
Warren, B.E., ‘X-ray Diffraction of the Structure of Liquids and Glass’, J. Appl. Phys., 8, 1937, 645.
Tarasov, L.P. and Warren, B.E., ‘X-Ray Diffraction Study of Liquid Sodium’, J. Chem. Phys., 4, 1936, 236.
Eyring, H., ‘Viscosity, Plasticity, and Diffusion as Examples of Absolute Reaction Rates’, J. Chem. Phys., 4, 1936, 283.
Warren, B.E., ‘X-Ray Diffraction Study of the Structure of Glass’, Chem. Rev., 26, 1940, 237.
Toschev, S., ‘Homogeneous Nucleation’, in P. Hartman (ed.), Crystal Growth: An Introduction, Amsterdam, North Holland Publishing Co., 1973, p. 1.
Chakravarty, B.K., ‘Heterogeneous Nucleation’, in P. Hartman (ed.), ibid., p. 50.
Walton, A.G., ‘Nucleation in Liquids and Solutions’ in A.C. Zettlemoyer (ed.), Nucleation, New York, Marcel Dekker, 1969, p. 239.
Chalmers, B., Principles of Solidifications, New York, John Wiley, 1964, p.70.
Jackson, K., Nucleation Phenomena, American Chemical Society, 1965.
Frank, F.C., Cabrera, N. and Burton, W.K., ‘Role of Dislocations in Crystal Growth’, Nature, 163, 1949, 398.
Sears, G.W., ‘Screw Dislocations in Growth from the Melt’, J. Chem. Phys., 23, 1955, 1630.
Hilling, W.B. and Turnbull, D., ‘Theory of Crystal Growth in Undercooled Pure Liquids’, J. Chem. Phys., 24, 1956, 914.
Weinberg, F. and Chalmers, B, ‘Dendritic Growth in Lead’, Can. J. Phys., 29, 1951, 382; ‘Further Observations on Dendritic Growth in Metals’, ibid., 30, 1952, 488.
Chalmers, B., ‘Melting and Freezing’, Trans A.I.M.E., 200, 1954, 519.
Czochralski, J., ‘Ein Neues Verfahren Zur Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit der Metalle’, Z. Physik. Chem. 92, 1917, 219.
Geil, P.H., ‘Polymer Morphology’, Chem. and Engr. News, 43 (Aug. 16, 1965), 72.
Ingram, P. and Peterlin, A., ‘Morphology’, in H.F. Mark, N.G. Gaylord and N. Bikales (eds.), Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Wiley-Interscience, Vol. 9, 1968, p. 204.
Keith, H.D., Padden, Jr. F.J., and Vadimsky, R.G., ‘Intercrystalline Links in Bulk Polyethylene’, Science, 150 (Nov. 19, 1965), 1026.
Buerger, M.J., ‘Crystallographic Aspects of Phase Transformations’, in R. Smoluchowski, J.R. Mayer, and W.A. Weyl (eds.), Phase Transformations in Solids, New York, John Wiley, 1951, p. 183.
Berry, L.G. and Mason, B., Mineralogy, San Francisco, Freeman, 1959, p. 137.
Jones, H. and Suryanarayana, C., ‘Rapid Quenching from the Melt: An Annotated Bibliography 1958–1972’, J. Mat. Sci., 8, 1973, 705.
Mader, S., Nowick, A.S. and Widmer, H., ‘Metastable Evaporated Thin Films of Cu-Ag and Co-Au Alloys-I Occurrence and Morphology of Phases’, Acta Met., 15, 1967, 203.
Duwez, P. and Willens, R.H., ‘Rapid Quenching of Liquid Alloys’, Trans. A.I.M.E , 227, 1963, 362.
Rao, P.R., Garg, P.K. and Anantharaman, T.R., ‘Rapid Quenching of Liquid Lead-Antimony Alloys’, Ind. J. Tech., 8, 1970, 263.
Bagley, B.G. and Turnbull, D., ‘Structure Study of an Amorphous Electrodeposited Nickel-Phosphorus Alloys’, J. Appl. Phys., 39, 1968, 5681; ‘The Preparation and Crystallization of Amorphous Nickel-Phosphorus Thin Film’, Acta Met., 18, 1970, 857.
Cargil, G.S., ‘Dense Random Packing of Hard Spheres as a Structural Model for Noncrystalline Metallic Solids’, J. Appl. Phys., 41, 1970, 2248.
Gokularathnam, C.V., ‘Review: Structure of Metallic Glasses’, J. Mat. Sci., 9, 1974, 673.
Brown, G.H. and Shaw, W.G., ‘The Mesomorphic State: Liquid Crystals’, Chem. Rev., 57, 1957, 1047.
Saupe, A., ‘Recent Results in the Field of Liquid Crystals’, Angew. Chem. Internat. Edit., 7 (2), 1968, 97.
Kallard, T. (ed.), Liquid Crystals and Their Applications, New York, Optosomic Press, 1970.
Boley, F.I., Plasmas-Laboratory and Cosmic, Princeton, Van Nostrand, 1966, Chapter 1.
Further Reading
Uede, R. and Mullin, J.B. (eds.), Crystal Growth and Characterization, North Holland Publishing Co., 1975.
Rao, C.N.R. and Rao K.J., Phase Transitions in Solids, New York, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1977.
Sheludko, A., Colloid Chemistry, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1966.
Sherman, P., Emulsion Science, New York, Academic Press, 1968.
Danielli, J.F., Riddiford, A.C. and Rosenberg, M.D., Recent Progress in Surface Science, New York, Academic Press, 1970.
Gray, G.W. and Windsor, P.A. (eds.), Liquid Crystals and Plastic Crystals, Chichester, Ellis Horwood Ltd., 1974.
Chandrasekhar, S., Liquid Crystals, London, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1977.
Hollahan, J.R. and Bell, T.A., Techniques and Applications of Plasma Chemistry, New York, John Wiley, 1974.
Chen, F.H., Introduction to Plasma Physics, New York, Plenum Press, 1974.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1979 Manas Chanda
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chanda, M. (1979). States of Matter. In: Science of Engineering Materials. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-06051-1_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-06051-1_3
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-333-31815-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-06051-1
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)