Abstract
To define Arctic seas as being that body of water which lies only within the Arctic Circle fails to recognise that waters which clearly share Arctic conditions extend as far south as Sakhalin in the Pacific and Newfoundland in the Atlantic. Conversely, there is a substantial intrusion of warmer water into the Norwegian and Barents Seas from the north Atlantic. For the purposes of the ensuing discussion, therefore, Arctic waters are delimited by the 5 °C mean annual isotherm. Even within this limit, wide differences in physical conditions and long-term climatic changes (Cushing and Dickson, 1976) have been observed.
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Perkins, E.J. (1982). Biological Implications of the Introduction of Chemical Wastes into Arctic Waters. In: Rey, L. (eds) The Arctic Ocean. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-05919-5_16
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