Abstract
Explorers and strategists have realised for decades that the Arctic had an immense, unutilised economic and strategic potential. This was not fully realised by governments, however, until after the Second World War. Changes in governmental attitudes have been gradual, but have resulted directly from new developments in political circumstances, arms technology, and, most recently, in the exploitability of Arctic mineral resources.
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Notes
See, for instance, Sayre A. Swarztrauber ‘Alaska and Siberia: A Strategic Analysis’, Naval Review, US Naval Institute, 1965
Richard Boyle, ‘Arctic Passages North America’, US Naval Institute Proceedings (January 1969)
Lawrence Griwold, ‘The Cold Front’, Sea Power (Dec 1972)
Gerald E. Synhorst, ‘Soviet Strategic Interest in the Maritime Arctic’, US Naval Institute Proceedings (May 1973)
See, for instance, Johan Jørgen Holst, ‘Northern Europe in the Process of European Security’, NUPI/N-45, May 1973.
Quoted from Donat Pharand, The Law of the Sea of the Arctic with Special Reference to Canada (Ottawa 1973), p. 154.
James Calvert, Surface at the Pole. The Extraordinary Voyages of the USS Skate (New York, 1960), p. 127.
James L. Dyson, The World of Ice (London, 1963), p. 114.
Ragnar Thorén, Picture Atlas of the Arctic (Amsterdam, 1969), p. 32.
See John E. Sater, The Arctic Basin (Washington, 1963), p. 235. See also the 1969 edition of the same book.
Ulf Samuelson, ‘The Arctic and its Role in World Affairs’. Unpublished manuscript, London 1970, pp. 58–60.
Tønne Huitfeldt, ‘A Strategic Perspective on the Arctic’, Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. ix, Nos. 2–3 (1974), p. 90.
John L. Helm, ‘Freighter Submarine Tankers’, Fifth National Northern Development Conference Proceedings, 4–6 Nov 1970, Edmonton, Alberta, p. 124.
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R. Thorén, Picture Atlas of the Arctic (Amsterdam, 1969). See also J. E. Sater, op. cit., pp. 289–307.
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R. H. Falls, ‘Security in the North’ in Nils Orvik (ed.), Policies of Northern Development (Kingston, 1973), p. 138.
R. H. Falls, op. cit. See also Manne Wängborg, Militär doktrin och politikk i Sovjetunionen (Stockholm, 1974), pp. 77.
Quoted from Norman Polmar, Atomic Submarines (New Jersey, 1963), pp. 163–4.
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V. D. Sokolovski, Soviet Military Strategy (Santa Monica, 1963), p. 442.
Christer Fredholm, ‘The North Atlantic: The Norwegian Sea, a Scandinavian Security Problem’, Naval War College Review, Vol. xxiv, No. 9 (1972), p. 58.
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© 1982 William Gutteridge
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Østreng, W. (1982). The Strategic Balance in the Arctic Ocean—Soviet Options. In: Gutteridge, W. (eds) European Security, Nuclear Weapons and Public Confidence. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-05908-9_12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-05908-9_12
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