Abstract
Rulers of any state usually try to regulate how much is known about them by their society. Their general custom before the twentieth century was to emphasise their majesty and difference from those whom they governed; but few of them failed to identify themselves somehow with their subjects. Some presented themselves as the embodiment of the virtues of their class, nation or empire. They explained their purposes as involving a public good which goes beyond mere personal self-aggrandisement. Practically every monarch of France, England or Spain in history engaged in all these enterprises.
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Notes
P. Mal’kov, ‘Zapiski Komendanta Kremlya’, Moskva, no. 11, 1958, p. 137.
See R. Geary, Karl Kautsky (Manchester, 1987) pp. 73–8.
L. D. Trotskii, Terrorizm i kommunizm (Petersburg, 1920).
See G. Leggett, Lenin’s Political Police. The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combatting Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (December 1917-February 1922) (Oxford, 1981), pp. 113–4 pp. 113–4.
L. D. Trotskii, Trotsky’s Diary in Exile (London 1959), p. 80.
See Yu. Buranov ans V. Khrustalev, Gibe!’ imperatskogo doma, 1917–1919 gg. (Moscow, 1992), p. 261.
See R. Medvedev, Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism (London, 1971), p. 13.
See I. Deutscher, Trotsky: The Prophet Armed (Oxford, 1954) vol. 1, chap.12.
See A. Lindemann, The ‘Red Years’. European Socialism Versus Bolshevism,1919–1921 (London, 1974), pp. 50–1.
See J. Channon, ‘Siberia in Revolution and Civil War’, in A. Wood (ed.), The History of Siberia from Russian Conquest to Revolution (London, 1991), pp. 172–3.
See A. Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence (2nd edition: London, 1973) pp. 96–7.
See E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution vol. 3 (London, 1953), pp.112–3 and 115–6.
See R. McNeal, Bride of the Revolution. Krupskaya and Lenin (Ann Arbor, 1972) p. 190–1.
E. V. Gimpel’son, Voennyi Kommunizm. Politika, praktika, ideologiya (Moscow, 1973), gives a sophisticated version of this canard.
See E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, vol. 2 (London, 1952) p. 152.
See T. V. Osipova, ‘Razvitie sotsialisticheskoi revolyutsii v derevene v pervyi god dikatury proletariata’, in M. Volkov et al. (eds), Oktyabr’ i sovetskoe krest’yanstvo, 1917–1922 (Moscow, 1977) pp. 88.
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© 1995 Robert Service
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Service, R. (1995). Closing the Circle. In: Lenin: A Political Life. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-05594-4_2
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