Abstract
Long before 1917 the distinction between agitation and propaganda had become a commonplace of Russian socialist theory and practice. Indeed, these concepts had their origins in an earlier generation that preceded the emergence of Russian Marxism, with men such as Herzen, Bakunin, Chernyshevsky and Lavrov, and more particularly with the publication of journals such as Herzen’s Kolokol (The Bell) or Lavrov’s Vperyod (Forward). The immense significance of these activities for the revolutionary movement as a whole reflected both its complete exclusion from political power and the absence in Russia of the open political debate through which that power might have been modified or even gradually acquired. Having nowhere else to go, the revolutionaries went underground, and an underground movement, even more than a conventional political party, needs a forum for its theoretical debates and a focal point for its political activities. These were two of the functions performed by the underground press during these years, but the third function, which in the longer term was perhaps to prove the most important, was to attract first the support and later the active participation of ever broader circles of the population.
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Notes
G. V. Plekhanov, O zadachakh sotsialistov v bor’be s golodom v Rossii (Pis’ma k molodym tovarishcham) (Geneva, 1892 ) pp. 57–8.
A translation of part of this work appears in N. Harding and R. Taylor (eds), Marxism in Russia: Key Documents ( London, 1980 ). I am profoundly indebted to Neil Harding for his assistance and advice in the preparation of this chapter. Except where otherwise stated, translations are my own, but I give a source for published translations where known to me.
A. Kremer and Yu. Martov, Ob agitatsii (Geneva, 1886 ).
See the accounts of the reception and significance of this brochure in A. K. Wildman, The Making of a Workers’ Revolution (Chicago, 1967) pp. 45–57
and N. Harding, Lenin’s Political Thought, vol. 1 (London, 1977) pp. 110–23.
V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, 45 vols (Moscow, 1960–70) vol. V, pp. 22–3.
N. K. Krupskaya, O Lenine. Sbornik statei i vystuplenii (Moscow, 1971 ) p. 75.
A. V. Lunacharsky, Stat’i o literature (Moscow, 1957 ) p. 118.
Quoted in C. V. James, Soviet Socialist Realism: Origins and Theory (London, 1973 ) p. 22.
I take the arguments of Boris Thomson, encapsulated in his sentence, ‘Art is nothing if it is not human; this is both its strength and its weakness’, in his Lot’s Wife and the Venus of Milo: Conflicting Attitudes to the Cultural Heritage in Modern Russia (Cambridge, 1978) pp. 139–54.
See also the points made by Ben Brewster in ‘The Soviet State, the Communist Party and the Arts, 1917–1936’, Red Letters, no. 3 (Autumn 1976) 3–9.
It is unfortunate that Lenin’s most important pronouncements on the arts come to us through hearsay. N. I. Krutikova (ed.), Lenin o kul’ture i iskusstve (Moscow, 1956 ) pp. 519–20.
Yu. Annenkov, Dnevnik moikh vstrech. Tsikl tragedii, 2 vols (New York, 1966 ) vol. 11, p. 270.
S. Fitzpatrick, The Commissariat of Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1970) pp. 11–12.
V. V. Mayakovsky, Izbrannye proizvedeniya, 2 vols (Leningrad, 1963 ) vol. 1, p. 250.
A similar tendency limited the effectiveness of the agitational paintings on the sides of the agit-trains. See Dziga Vertov’s ‘Kinoglaz’, first published in 1926 and reprinted in S. Drobashenko (ed.), Dziga Vertov. Stat’i, dnevniki, zamysli (Moscow, 1966) pp. 90–1. There were similar difficulties with attempts to replace old statues and create a revolutionary style of ‘monumental propaganda’ (Krutikova, Lenin o kul’ture, pp. 525–6).
Cf. R. Taylor, ‘A Medium for the Masses: Agitation in the Soviet Civil War’, Soviet Studies, XXII, no. 4 (1971) 562–74.
I. Sokolov, ‘Skrizhal’ veka’, Kino-Fot, 25–31 Aug 1922, p. 3.
Hence Lenin’s emphasis on the need to pay special attention to the use of the cinema in these areas: see his directive of 17 Jan 1922, in A. M. Gak (ed.), Samoe vazhnoe iz vsekh iskusstv. Lenin o kino, 2nd edn (Moscow, 1973) p. 42.
F. Shipulinsky, ‘Dusha kino’, in Kinematograf. Sbornik statei (Moscow, 1919 ) p. 20.
A. M. Gak and N. A. Glagoleva (eds), Lunacharskii o kino (Moscow, 1965 ) p. 46.
Cf. Lenin’s reaction to the Hungarian revolutionaries’ immediate nationalisation of theatres and cabarets. A. Yufit (ed.), Lenin. Revolyutsiya. Teatr. Dokumenty i vospominaniya (Leningrad, 1970) p. 199.
Ibid., p. 510. See also E. Drabkina, ‘Arkhivazhneishee delo’, Iskusstvo kino, Jan 1965, pp. 25–7.
A. V. Lunacharsky, Kino na zapade i u nas (Moscow, 1928 ) p. 64.
R. Taylor, ‘From October to October: The Soviet Political System in the 1920s and Its Films’, in M.J. Clark (ed.), Politics and the Media (Oxford, 1979 ) p. 34.
R. Taylor, The Politics of the Soviet Cinema, 1917–1929 (Cambridge, 1979), pp. 64–101.
Cf. T. Rokotov, ‘Pochemu malodostupen Oktyabr’?’, Zhizn’ iIkusstva, 10 Apr 1928, p. 17.
The report of the conference was published as B.S. Ol’khovyi (ed.), Puti kino. Pervoe Vsesoyuznoe partiinoe soveshchanie po kinematografii (Moscow, 1929). The following extracts are from pp. 34, 222, 214 and 430–1 respectively. See also Taylor, The Politics of the Soviet Cinema, pp. 102–23.
N. A. Lebedev (ed.), Partiya o kino (Moscow, 1939 ) pp. 82–5.
‘Perspektivy’ (1929), reprinted in S. M. Eizenstein, Izbrannye proizvedeniya, 6 vols (Moscow, 1964–71) vol. II, p. 36.
This information comes from A. Rubailo, ‘Obzor moskovskikh i leningradskikh arkhivnykh fondov o deyatel’nosti Kommunisticheskoi partii v oblasti kino (1928–1936)’, Iz istorii kino, no. 10 (1977) 8–26.
Cf. M. Ferro, ‘The Fiction Film and Historical Analysis’, in P. Smith (ed.), The Historian and Film (Cambridge, 1976) pp. 80–94
and S. Crofts, ‘Ideology and Form: Soviet Socialist Realism and Chapayev’, Essays in Poetics, vol. 11 (1977) pp. 43–59.
‘The Idea of Art’, in V. Belinsky, Selected Philosophical Works (Moscow, 1948) pp. 168, 180.
L. D. Trotsky, Literature and Revolution (New York, 1957 ) p. 46.
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Taylor, R. (1980). The Spark that became a Flame: the Bolsheviks, Propaganda and the Cinema. In: Rigby, T.H., Brown, A., Reddaway, P. (eds) Authority, Power and Policy in the USSR. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-04326-2_4
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