Abstract
Between August 1947, the month Pakistan emerged as an independent state, and April 1951, the month that the open borders between India and Pakistan were finally closed, some 14 million people moved between the two countries. Pakistan lost 6 million non-Muslims to India, receiving 8 million Muslims in return. These 8 million migrants — mostly from the Indian states of East Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Hyderabad — in 1951 constituted nearly a quarter of the population of what is now Pakistan. The majority of these outsiders settled in towns and cities; Karachi became not only the capital of the new state of Pakistan but also its largest centre of refugee population. Of the city’s 1951 population of 1 million, over 600,000 were refugees from India.1 Lahore, Hyderabad, Lyallpur and Rawalpindi also received a large number of refugees. In 1951, Pakistan’s 19 largest cities had a population of nearly 4 million, of which more than 46 per cent were refugees from India (see Table 2.1).
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Notes
For an analysis of the geographical distribution of the refugee population see Shahid Javed Burki, Pakistan: A Demographic Report (Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau, 1973).
For a description of the system of administration introduced by Lord Lawrence in the Punjab, see Sir Charles Aitchison, Lord Lawrence and the Reconstruction of India Under the Crown (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1916).
Also see R. Bosworth Smith, Life of Lord Lawrence (New York: Charles Scribner, 1883), pp. 155–80.
Useful sources for a description of these relationships are J. M. Douie, Land Settlement Manual (Lahore: Government of West Pakistan, 5th rev. edn, 1960) and a number of village surveys published by the Punjab Board of Economic Inquiry.
As an example of the village surveys see Randhir Singh and W. Roberts, An Economic Survey of Kala Gaddi Thamman (Chak 73 G.B.):A Village in the Lyallpur District of the Punjab (Lahore: Board of Economic Inquiry, Punjab, 1932).
The term ‘little republics’ was used originally by F. L. Brayne in Better Villages (London: Oxford University Press, 1938).
Khushwant Singh, The Sikhs (London: Allen & Unwin, 1953).
See Philip Mason’s account in A Matter of Honor: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers and Men (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1974) for the role played by the soldiers recruited in the Punjab in helping to put down the mutiny of the purbiyas—the easterners.
Quoted in A. B. Rajput, The Muslim League Yesterday and Today (Lahore: Mohammad Ashraf, 1948), pp. 19–20.
For an account of the attitude of the large landed families towards the Pakistan movement see Azim Husain, Fazl-i-Husain: A Political Biography (Bombay: Longmans, 1946).
The best analysis to date of the mass migration of people that accompanied the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 is to be found in Joseph B. Schectman, Population Transfers in Asia (New York: Hallsby Press, 1949), pp. 5–30.
Also see Theodore P. Wright Jr., ‘Indian Muslim Refugees in the Politics of Pakistan’, Journal of Commonwealth on Comparative Politics, XII, March 1974, pp. 189–205.
Shahid Javed Burki, ‘Migration, Urbanization and Politics in Pakistan’ in W. Howard Wriggins and James F. Guyot (eds), Population, Politics and the Future of Southern Asia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973), pp. 147–89.
The best modern account of the development of the irrigation system in the Punjab is in Aloys A. Michel, The Indus Rivers: A Study of the Effects of Partition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967), pp. 22–98.
Quoted in Jamiluddin Ahmad (ed.), Speeches and Writings of Mr. Jinnah (Lahore: Mohammad Ashraf, 1952), p. 153.
J. Russell Andrus and Azizali F. Mohammed, The Economy of Pakistan (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958), pp. 156–65.
See Shahid Javed Burki, ‘Economic Decisionmaking in Pakistan’ in Lawrence Ziring, Ralph Braibanti and W. Howard Wriggins (eds), Pakistan: The Long View (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1977), pp. 140–72 for an analysis of economic decision-making during this period.
See A. B. Rajput, Muslim League Yesterday and Today (Lahore: Mohammed Ashraf, 1948) and
Z. H. Zaidi, ‘Aspects of the Development of Muslim League Policy’, in C. M. Philips and Mary Doreen Wainwright (eds), The Partition of India: Policies and Perspectives, 1935–1947 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1970), pp. 245–75.
For an excellent historical survey of the big landed families of the Punjab see Lepel H. Griffin, Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab (Lahore: Superintendent of Government Printing, rev. edn, 1940).
See also Sir Denzil Ibbetson, Punjab Castes (Lahore: Superintendent of Government of Printing, 1916),
Hugh K. Tresvaskis, The Land of the Five Rivers (London: Oxford University Press, 1928) and
Craig Baxter, ‘The People’s Party vs. the Punjab Feudalists’ in J. Henry Korson (ed.), Contemporary Problems of Pakistan (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1974), pp. 6–29.
For an expression of this view see Reginald Coupland, The Indian Problem (Clarendon: Oxford University Press, 1944)
see also Khalid Bin Sayeed, Pakistan: The Formative Phase (London: Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 224.
For a good but somewhat biased account of the role played by Nazimuddin in Bengali politics, in particular the way it related to the Pakistan movement, see Kamruddin Ahmad, The Social History of East Pakistan (Dacca: Pioneer Press, 1967).
Choudhury Khaliquzzaman’s autobiography, Pathway to Pakistan (Lahore: Longmans, 1961), provides a very good account of the circumstances that led to the involvement of the class of urban professionals in the Pakistan movement. Khaliquzzaman himself was a highly successful lawyer in the United Provinces, the present-day Uttar Pradesh.
Hanna Papanek, ‘Pakistan’s Big Businessmen: Muslim Separatism, Entrepreneurship and Partial Modernization’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 21, October 1972, Table 1, p. 27.
In suggesting that India’s industrial development began in the late nineteenth century, I have followed Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1962).
For a description of the economic relations between the states of India and Pakistan in the period immediately following independence in 1947, see C. N. Vakil and G. Raghara Rao, Economic Relations Between India and Pakistan: Need for International Cooperation (Bombay: Vora & Co., 1965).
Government of the Punjab, Report of the Court of Inquiry Constituted Under Punjab Act II of 1954: Enquiry into Punjab Disturbances of 1953 (Lahore: Government Printing Press, 1954), p. 387.
Government of Pakistan, Report of Pakistan Pay Commission (Karachi: Governor-General’s Press, 1949), p. 28.
Muneer Ahmad, The Civil Servant in Pakistan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 53.
These explanations are provided by Gustav F. Papanek in Pakistan’s Development: Social Goals and Private Incentives (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1967), p. 11, and endorsed by some others who have also analysed Pakistan’s development experience during this period.
See, for instance, Stephen R. Lewis, Pakistan: Industrialization and Trade Policies (London: New York University Press, 1970), pp. 11–35, and
Lawrence J. White, Industrial Concentration and Economic Power in Pakistan (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974).
See also several articles published on the subject of industrial policy in The Pakistan Development Review and Pakistan Economic Journal, in particular Mahbub ul Haq, ‘Rationale of Government Controls and Policies in Pakistan’, Pakistan Economic Journal, XIII, March 1963, pp. 70–82.
Henry Frank Goodnow, The Civil Service of Pakistan: Bureaucracy in a New Nation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964), p. 138.
M. Ayub, Public Industrial Enterprises in Pakistan (Karachi: PIDC, 1960), p. 13.
This argument is developed more fully in Shahid Javed Burki, ‘The Development of Pakistan’s Agriculture: An Interdisciplinary Explanation’, in Robert D. Stevens, Hamza Alvi and Peter J. Bertocci (eds), Rural Development in Bangladesh and Pakistan (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1976), pp. 290–316.
Pieter Lieftinck, Robert A. Sadove and Thomas C. Creyke, Water and Power Resources of West Pakistan: A Study in Sector Planning (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1961), p. 23.
Herbert Feldman, Revolution in Pakistan: A Study of the Martial Law Administration (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), p. 81.
This reflects the line of argument adopted by Keith Callard in Pakistan: A Political Study (London: Allen & Unwin, 1957).
See Safdar Mahmood, A Political Study of Pakistan (Lahore: Mohammad Ashraf, 1972), pp. 49–107 and
Richard Symonds, The Making of Pakistan (London: Faber and Faber, 1950), pp. 130–52.
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© 1980 Shahid Javed Burki
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Burki, S.J. (1980). Insiders and Outsiders. In: Pakistan under Bhutto, 1971–1977. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-04305-7_2
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