Abstract
In Part One of this book we studied processes of societal evolution and change on a very abstract plane. From a standpoint of pure sociological theory, societal evolution presents a process of increasing structural differentiation of the functions performed by society. Thus, from a sociological perspective, structurally complex societies are more developed than structurally simple societies.
Nearly all our major problems have grown up during British rule and as a direct result of British Policy; the princes; the minority problems; various vested interests, foreign and Indian; the lack of industry and the neglect of agriculture; the extreme backwardness in the social services; and, above all, the tragic poverty of the people.
Nehru: The Discovery of India, 1946.
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Notes and References
A. G. Frank, Sociology of Development and the Underdevelopment of Sociology (London: Pluto Press, 1971) p. 41.
V. I. Lenin, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1916); reprinted Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1920. This work is especially relevant to an understanding of the development of underdevelopment in the period of colonialism.
P. A. Baran, The Political Economy of Growth, 4th edn (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967); see especially ch. v: ‘On the Roots of Backwardness’.
K. Griffin, Underdevelopment in Spanish America (London: Allen & Unwin, 1969) p. 34.
For an entertaining discussion of these essential instruments of European overseas expansion, see C. M. Cipolla, European Culture and Overseas Expansion (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970).
R. Mukherjee, The Rise and Fall of the East India Company, 2nd edn (Berlin: Verlag, 1958) p. 36.
Cf. W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth (Cambridge University Press, 1969) p. 41.
Cf. G. Pendle, A History of Latin America (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971) p. 66.
See P. D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade; A Census (University of Wisconsin Press, 1969) table i, p. 5.
Cf. A. Moorehead, The Fatal Impact (London: Hamilton, 1966) part t on the decimation of the population of the South Pacific Islands through the introduction of alien diseases.
See also Kingsley Davis, The Population of India and Pakistan (Princeton University Press, 1951) ch. 6.
Cf. E. Durkheim, The Division of Labour in Society (London: Macmillan, 1933).
D. C. M. Platt, Latin America and British Trade, 1806–1914 (London: Black, 1972) pp. 14–15. Furthermore, Platt observes that ‘Lancashire was never able entirely to displace the hand-loom weaver; the hand-loom industry was still supplying at least 25% of the cloth consumed in India at the beginning of the twentieth century’, p. 13.
Cf. J. Hatch, Nigeria: A History (London: Secker & Warburg, 1971) p. 86.
H. Magdoff, The Age of Imperialism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969).
J. de Castro, The Geography of Hunger (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1952).
L. Pearson et al., Partners in Development (London: Pall Mall, 1970) p. 81.
Cf. I. Illich, ‘Outwitting the Developed Countries’, in New York Review of Books (6 Nov 1969); reprinted in Underdevelopment and Development; the Third World Today, ed. H. Bernstein (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973) pp. 357 ff.
R. Prebisch, The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principal Problems (New York: United Nations, 1950). See also Towards a New Trade Policy for Development, Report by the Secretary-General of UNCTAD (United Nations, 1964 ).
Cf. P. Jalee, The Third World in World Economy (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969) translated by M. Klopper, p. 73.
See also P. Streeten, ‘The Kind of Self-help Poor Nations Need’, New Society (13 Apr 1972) p. 60.
Each of these four points were also made by H. Singer, ‘The Commodity Boom and Developing Countries’, New Society (30 Aug 1973).
A. Emmanuel, ‘Current Myths of Development’, New Left Review, 85 (May-June 1974) p. 65.
H. B. Chenery, ‘Growth and Structural Change’, Finance and Development, vol. 8, no. 3 (Sep 1971) pp. 25–6. Bill Warren (see n. 47) largely bases his argument on Chenery’s statistics.
M. Barrat Brown, The Economics of Imperialism (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974) p. 207.
R. Vernon, Sovereignty at Bay (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973) p. 71.
C. V. Vaitsos, ‘Bargaining and the Distribution of Returns in the Purchase of Technology by Developing Countries’, in Underdevelopment and Development, ed. H. Bernstein (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973) pp. 315–22, this quote on p. 319.
C. Tugendhat, The Multinationals (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973) p. 170.
C. V. Vaitsos, ‘Patents Revisited, Their Function in Developing Countries’, Journal of Development Studies, vol. 9, no. 1 (Oct 1972) pp. 72–97.
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© 1978 Ankie M. M. Hoogvelt
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Hoogvelt, A.M.M. (1978). The Development of Underdevelopment: Mercantilism, Colonialism and Neo-colonialism. In: The Sociology of Developing Societies. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-04190-9_5
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