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Pharmacology of Human Gastrointestinal Sphincters

  • Chapter
Alimentary Sphincters and their Disorders

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Abstract

Gastrointestinal sphincters have been defined on anatomical and functional criteria discussed fully elsewhere in this book. In this section it is adequate to reiterate that there should be anatomical evidence that the muscle arrangement differs from that of the adjacent muscle of the gut to permit of independent sphincteric activity. Functionally, it is thought that the sphincteric region is normally closed but relaxes in response to an advancing peristaltic wave, and can inhibit retrograde flow (or reflux) by its ability to contract and maintain an elevated pressure. It is likely, but not always essential, that the response of the sphincteric region to some endogenous or exogenous substances may differ from that of adjacent alimentary muscle. It is usually said that sphincters contract to noradrenaline, whereas the rest of the alimentary tract relaxes. The degrees to which the sphincters of the alimentary tract meet these requirements vary. Different groups of competent workers disagree even about the reliability of the methods used to locate sphincters and to measure the pressures which they can generate.

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Authors
  1. A. D’Mello
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  2. A. Bennett
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. The London Hospital, E1 1BB, London, UK

    Paul A. Thomas (Senior Lecturer and Consultant Surgeon) (Senior Lecturer and Consultant Surgeon)

  2. The London and St Mark’s Hospitals, London, UK

    Charles V. Mann (Consultant Surgeon) (Consultant Surgeon)

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© 1981 Paul A. Thomas and Charles V. Mann

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D’Mello, A., Bennett, A. (1981). Pharmacology of Human Gastrointestinal Sphincters. In: Thomas, P.A., Mann, C.V. (eds) Alimentary Sphincters and their Disorders. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-03940-1_2

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