Abstract
A growing body of descriptive studies have dealt with organisational and environmental characteristics, communication between the firm and its environment, and with the stimulation, development and use of technological innovations in industry[18]. Economists have been actively interested in the costs and risks of development and of investment in change, private and social returns to research and development, firm size and market structure as they are related to innovation in products and the production process[9]. Such work suggests that central tendencies and systematic variations are observed[13]. An explanation of differences, especially one focused on characteristics of the innovative process which are ‘malleable’ or which can be manipulated by decision-makers, is necessary if the outcomes of government actions aimed at directly affecting innovation are to be assessed or new policies designed.
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© 1979 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited
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Utterback, J.M., Uhlmann, L. (1979). Product and Process Innovation in a Changing Competitive Environment. In: Baker, M.J. (eds) Industrial Innovation. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-03822-0_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-03822-0_7
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