Abstract
The application of planning to scientific research was probably the feature of the organisation of science in the Soviet Union in the inter-war years which attracted greatest interest elsewhere. The Soviet case was to be frequently cited in the discussion and controversy that took place in Britain in the 1930s on the possibility of directing the power of science to improve the lives of all members of society, which culminated in the publication of J. D. Bernal’s The Social Function of Science.1
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Notes
N. I. Bukharin, ‘Nauka i SSSR’, NR, no. 11 (1927) p. 10.
A. V. Kol’tsov, Lenin i Stanovlenie Akademii Nauk Kak Tsentra Sovetskoi Nauki (Leningrad, 1969) pp. 254–6.
Xenia Joukoff Eudin, Helen Dwight and Harold H. Fisher (eds), The Life of a Chemist: Memoirs of Vladimir N. Ipatieff (Stanford, 1946) p. 390.
P. S. Osadchii, ‘Pervyi S″ezd Prezidiumov Gosudarstvennykh Planovykh Komissii’, NR, no. 4 (1926) pp. 5, 10.
Cited by K. Troyanovskii, ‘Ot Khozyaistvennogo Plana k Nauchnomu Planu’, Planovoe Khozyaistvo, no. 4 (1930) p. 78.
A. Vangengeim and K. Troyanovskii, ‘Organizatsiya Nauki v SSSR’, NR, no. 11 (1929) pp. 27–32.
S. I. Kaplun, ‘O Planirovanli Nauchno-Issledovatel’skoi Raboty na Odnom iz Bol’nykh Uchastkov’, Planovoe Khozyaistvo, no. 3 (1930) pp. 81–3.
Troyanovskii, Planovoe Khozyaistvo, no. 4 (1930) p. 85.
See, for example, Kaplun, Planovoe Khozyaistvo, no. 3 (1930) p. 83.
See, for example, G. M. Krzhizhanovskii, ‘Zadachi Sotsialisticheskogo Stroitel’stva i Nauchnye Rabotniki’, NR, no. 5–6 (1928) pp. 3–13
G. F. Grin’ko, ‘Khozyaistvennoe Stroitel’stvo i Zadachi Nauchnykh Rabotnikov’, NR, no. 12 (1928) pp. 3–12.
See L. M. Zak, ‘Sozdanie i Deyatel’nost’ VARNITSO v 1927–1932 Godakh’, Istoriya SSSR, no. 6 (1959) pp. 94–107.
His report is discussed in detail in Loren R. Graham, ‘Bukharin and the Planning of Science’, The Russian Review, no. 1 (1964) pp. 135–48.
V. V. Kuibyshev, Nauke - Sotsialisticheskii Plan (Moscow-Leningrad, 1931).
N. I. Bukharin, ‘Tekhnicheskaya Rekonstruktsiya i Tekushchie Problemy Nauchno-Issledovatel’skoi Raboty’, SKIN, no. 1 (1933) p. 24.
V. D. Esakov, Sovetskaya Nauka v Gody Pervoi Pyatiletki (Moscow, 1971) p. 90.
This was the period of the preparation of the ‘December’ variant, see E. H. Carr and R. W. Davies, Foundations of a Planned Economy 1926–1929, Vol. I (London, 1969) pp. 881–2.
M. Ya. Lapirov-Skoblo, Nauchno-Issledovatel’skaya Rabota v Promyshlennosti’, NR, no. 1 (1929) p. 40.
P. S. Osadchii, ‘Vedushchie Nachala Pyatiletnego Plana Narodnogo Khozyaistva SSSR’, NR, no. 5–6 (1929) pp. 25–7.
Lapirov-Skoblo, NR, no. 1 (1929) p. 40.
M. Ya. Lapirov-Skoblo, ‘Problema Nauchnykh Kadrov’, NR, no. 11 (1929) p. 11.
See Eugène Zaleski, Planning for Economic Growth in the Soviet Union 1918–1932 (Chapel Hill, 1971) pp. 117–23.
See M. Ya. Lapirov-Skhdlo, Perspektivnye Plany Nauchno-Issledovatel’ skikh Uchrezhdenii Promyshlennosti (Moscow-Leningrad, 1931) p. 6
V. Milyutin, ‘Vtoraya Pyatiletka i Zadachi Nauchnogo Fronta’, FNIT, no. 4–5 (1932) p. 24.
See Gosplan’s guidelines for compiling the annual plan, for example–Ukazaniya i Formy k Sostavleniyu Narodnokhozyaistvennogo Plana na 1937 God (Moscow, 1936) pp. 417–21; P. Kagan, ‘O Postroenii Ratsional’noi Klassifikatsii Nauchno-Issledovatel’skikh Rabot’, FNIT, no. 5 (1936) p. 61.
A Ziskind, ‘Kontrol’nye Tsifry Nauchno-Issledovatel’skikh Institutov Promyshlennosti na 1932g.’, SRIN, no. 2–3 (1931) pp. 277–81.
A. V. Ziskind, ‘Kontrol’nye Tsifry Nauchno-Issledovate1’skikh Institutov Promyshlennosti na 1933g.’, SRIN, no. 9–10 (1932) pp. 240–5.
The following description is based on the following sources: A. N. Balch, FNIT no. 1 (1934) pp. 71–3, Chernaya Metallurgiya 29 October 1940, J. G. Crowther, Soviet Science (London, 1936) pp. 22, 43–5, 87–8, 232 N. Novikov, ‘Planirovanie i Uchet Nauchno-Issledovatel’skoi Raboty’, FNIT no. 8 (1934)pp. 58–61.
On the associations see A. Klepikov, ‘Nauchno-Issledovate1’skaya Khimicheskaya Assotsiatsiya TsNIS NKTP’, SRIN no. 8 (1933) p. 171
P. N. Lazarev, ‘Rabota Svetotekhnicheskoi Sektsii Vsesoyuznoi Elektrotekhnicheskoi Assotsiatsii’, SRIN, no. 8 (1934) p. 157 and SRIN no. 4 (1933) pp. 173–5.
See, for example, Industriya, 4 December 1938, Klepikov, SRIN, no. 8 (1933) p. 172 I. Zalkind, ‘Opyt Planirovaniya Nauchno-Issledovatel’skoi Raboty’, SRIN, no. 5 (1935) p. 146.
Chernaya Metallurgiya 29 October 1940, D. Kravtsov, ‘Vnedrenie Zakonchennykh Nauchno-Issledovatel’skikh Rabot v Promyshlennosti’, FNIT no. 2 (1935) p. 70, SRIN no. 8 (1936) p. 140.
See Stalin’s speech to the Conference of Industrial Leaders in June 1931, Joseph Stalin, Leninism, Vol. II (London, 1933) pp. 440–2.
Edward Hallett Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923, Vol. II (London, 1952) pp. 303–5.
See, for example, Alexander Baykov, The Development of the Soviet Economic System (Cambridge, 1947) p. 169.
See, for example, D. A. Begak, FNIT no. 9 (1933) p. 39
L. Reinberg, ‘Pokonchit’ s Otstavaniem Nauchno-Issledovatel’skikh Institutov Promyshlennosti’, FNIT no. 10 (1936) pp. 105–6, SRIN no. 8 (1936) pp. 139–42, S. I. Vol’fkovich, FN1T no. 9 (1933) p. 37.
S. G. Strumilin, K Metodologii Ucheta Nauchnogo Truda (Leningrad, 1932) p. 5.
Strumilin, K Metodologii… N. P. Suvorov, ‘O Metodakh Izucheniya Effektivnosti Nauchnykh Rabot’, NR, no. 12 (1928) pp. 23–33.
Z. Grinberg and A. Rodin, ‘Khozraschet v Nauchnykh Institutakh’, FNIT, no. 4–5 (1932) p. 34.
See Graham, The Russian Review, no. 1 (1964) p. 144.
Grinberg and Rodin, FNIT, no. 4–5 (1932) p. 34.
N. I. Bukharin, ‘Tekhnicheskaya Rekonstruktsiya i Tekushchie Problemy Nauchno-Issledovatel’skoi Raboty’, SRIN, no. 1 (1933) p. 27.
See, for example, A. A. Armand, ‘Organizatsiya Nauchno-Issledovatel’skoi Raboty: k Itogam II Vsesoyuznoi Konferentsii po Planirovaniyu Nauki v Tyazheloi Promyshlennosti’, FNIT, no. 1 (1933) p. 74.
See, for example, A. A. Chernyshev, ‘Ob Organizatsu Planirovaniya Nauchno-Issledovatel’skoi Raboty v Oblasti Elektrotekhniki’, SRIN no. 6 (1933) p. 124, Industriya 24 December 1938, B. Volov, Industriya 11 May 1939.
This was happening in the mid-1930s in the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, V. P. Marchenko, Planirovanie Nauchnoi Raboty v SSSR (na Opyte Ukrainskoi Akademii Nauk) (Munich, 1953) pp. 10–11, and is suggested by Ruhemann’s remarks on NKTP’s Ukrainian Physical Technical Institute
M. Ruhemann, ‘Soviet Physics in the 1930s’, New Scientist 2 November 1967, p. 276.
E. Romanovskii, ‘Nado Organizovat’ Uchet Tematiki Nauchno-Issledovatel’skikh Rabot’, FNIT, no. 3 (1934) p. 120.
A. Ziskind, ‘Nauchno-Issledovatel’skie Kadry Promyshlennosti’, FNIT, no. 7–8 (1932) p. 106.
Plan data from Ziskind, SRIN no. 9–10 (1932) p. 241; actual from N. I. Bukharin, Nauchno-Tekhnicheskoe Obsluzhivanie Promyshlennosti’, SRIN, no. 3 (1934) p. 6.
E. Kviring, FNIT, no. 5–6 (1934) p. 157.
See, for example, D. A. Gerasimov, ‘Nauka i Ee Primenenie v Torfyanoi Promyshlennosti’, SRIN no. 2 (1934) pp. 84–5
Z. Grinberg and A. Rodin, ‘Khozraschet v Nauchno-Issledovatel’skikh Uchrezhdeniyakh’, Kommunisticheskoe Prosveshchenie no. 2 (1932) pp. 10–17, K. Novikov, Industriya 26 April 1938 and Industriya 24 December 1938.
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© 1979 Robert Lewis
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Lewis, R. (1979). Research Planning. In: Science and Industrialisation in the USSR. Studies in Soviet History and Society. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-03786-5_7
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