Abstract
Since the advent of the drug regimes which allow us to maintain schizophrenic patients in the community, further needs have developed, namely to enable such patients to regain skills and habits lost during the acute episodes or as a result of a chronic illness, and to learn new behaviours which will aid their adjustment to community living. These patients can be divided into four major categories on the basis of the problems they present to the hospital with regard to their after care. First, a group who respond well to medication and after only relatively short periods of hospitalisation are able to return to their families and their jobs with seemingly no further problems. Usually as long as medication is maintained relapses will be kept to a minimum. Secondly, a group who respond well to medication, although possibly to a more limited degree than the first group, and are left with some residual problems which they manage to cope with themselves with seemingly little, or no, tension, but are unable to hold down a full-time job. There appear to be many women in this group who can manage their housekeeping tasks very well at their own pace but could not cope with the more rigid pressures of employment. Thirdly, there appears to be a group whose response to drug therapy is sufficient to keep them out of hospital, but not sufficient either to damp down all primary symptoms or to allow the patient to cope with attendant secondary behaviours, such as withdrawal and apathy, and so return to pre-illness behaviours and habits.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Apte, R. (1968). Halfway House: A new dilemma in institutional care. L.S.E. Occasional Papers on Social Administration, George Bell, London
Arann, L., Esposito, D. and Guner, A. (1974). Token economy in an open psychiatric ward following a contingency management sequence. In The Behavioural Treatment of Psychotic Illness (ed. Di Scipio W. J.,), Behavioural Publications, New York
Argyle, M., Bryant, B. and Trower, P. (1974). Social skills training and psychotherapy: a comparative study. Psycho!. Med., 4, 435–443
Atkinson, J. (1969). An experiment in group work with schizophrenics and their families. Case Conference and ASW News, 16, 300–305
Ayllon, T. and Azrin, N. H. (1968). Token Economy—a Motivational System for Therapy and Rehabilitation, Appleton — Century Crofts, New York
Ayllon, T. and Haughton, E. (1964). Modification of symptomatic verbal behaviour of mental patients. Behay. Res. Ther., 2, 87–97
Bennett, D. H., Birley, J. L. T., Hailey, A. M. and Wing, J. K. (1972). Non-residential services for the mentally ill, 1964–1971. In Evaluating a Community Psychiatric Service—The Camberwell Register 1964–1971 (ed. Wing, J. K. and Hailey, A. M. ), Oxford University Press, London
Bloomfield, H. H. (1973). Assertive training in an out-patient group of chronic schizophrenics. Behay. Ther., 4, 277–281
Brown, G. W., Bone, M., Dalison, B. and Wing, J. K. (1966). Schizophrenia and Social Care, Maudsley Monograph, No. 17, Oxford University Press, London
Byrne, L., O’Connor, T. and Fahy, T. J. (1974). The home behaviour of schizophrenic patients living in the community and attending a day centre. Brit. J. Psychiat., 125, 20–24
Cheek, F. E., Laucius, J., Mahncke, M. and Beck, R. (1971). A behaviour modification training programme for parents of convalescent schizophrenics. In Advances in Behaviour Therapy (ed. Rubin, R. et al.), Vol. III, Academic Press, New York
Cooper, J. E. (1975). Concepts of schizophrenia in the United States of America and in Great Britain: a summary of some studies by the U.S.—U.K. Diagnostic Project. In Studies in Schizophrenia (ed. Lader, M. H. ), Headley Bros, London
Davison, G. C. (1969). Appraisal of behaviour modification techniques with adults in institutional settings. In Behaviour Therapy—Appraisal and Stuatus (ed. Franks, C. M. ), McGraw-Hill, New York
Early, D. F. (1967). Industrial and social rehabilitation. In New Aspects of the Mental Health Services (ed. Freeman, H. and Farndale, J. ), Pergamon Press, New York
Fensterheim, H. (1972). Behaviour therapy: assertive training in groups. In Progress in Group and Family Therapy (ed. Sagger, C. J. and Kaplan, H. S. ), Brunner/Mazel Inc., New York
Goldstein, A. P. (1973). Structured Learning Therapy: Toward a Psychotherapy for the Poor, Academic Press, New York
Greenspan, S. I. (1974). The clinical use of operant learning approaches: some complex issues. Am. J. Psychiat., 131, 852–857
Griffiths, R. D. (1974). Rehabilitation of chronic psychotic patients. Psychol. Med., 4, 316–325
Hall, J. N. and Baker, R. (1973). Token economy systems: breakdown and control. Behay. Res. and Ther., 11, 253–263
Harrow, G. S. (1951). The effects of psychodrama group therapy on role behaviour of chronic schizophrenic patients. Group Psychotherapy, 3, 316–320
Helfand, I. (1956). Role taking in schizophrenia. J. Cons. Psychol., 20, 37–41
Hersen, M., Eisler, R. M. and Miller, P. M. (1973). Development of assertive responses: clinical measurement and research considerations. Behay. Res. and Ther., 11, 505–521
Hudson, B. L. (1975). A behaviour modification project with chronic schizophrenics in the community. Behay. Res. Ther., 13, 239–341
Johnson, D. L., Hanson, P. G. and Rothaus, P. (1967). Human relations training as a response to a need for effective and economical psychiatric treatment. In New Aspects of the Mental Health Services (ed. Freeman, H. and Farndale, J. ), Pergamon Press, New York
Kazdin, A. E. (1973). Failure of some patients to respond to token programmes. J. Behay. Ther. exp. Psychiat., 4, 7–14
King, G. T., Armitage, S. G. and Tilton, J. R. (1960). Therapeutic approaches to schizophrenics of extreme pathology—an operant-interpersonal method. J. abn. Psychol., 61, 276–286
Liberman, R. P. (1968). A review of behaviour modification projects in California. Behay. Res. Therapy, 6, 331–341
Liberman, R. P. (1972a). Behavioural methods in group and family therapy. Seminars in Psychiat., 4, 145–156
Liberman, R. P. (1972b). Reinforcement of social interaction in a group of chronic mental patients. In Advances in Behaviour Therapy, Vol. IV (ed. Rubin, R. et al.), Academic Press, New York
Liberman, R. P., King, L. E., De Risi, W. J. and McCann, M. (1975). Personal Effectiveness: Guiding People to Assert Themselves and Improve their Social Skills, Research Press, Champaign, Ill.
Lindsey, O. R. (1956). Operant conditioning methods applied to research in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiat. Research Reports of the Am. Psychiat. Assoc., 5, 118–139
McFall, R. M. and Twentyman, C. T. (1973). Four experiments on the relative contribution of rehearsal, modelling and coaching to assertion training. J. abn. Psychol., 81, 199–218
Meichenbaum, D. H. and Cameron, R. (1973). Training schizophrenics to talk to themselves. Behay. Ther., 4, 515–534
Mumford, S. J., Patch, I. C. L., Andrews, N. and Wyner, L. (1975). A token economy ward programme with chronic schizophrenic patients. Br. J. Psychiat., 126, 60–72
Myerson, A. (1939). Theory and principles of the total push method in treatment of chronic schizophrenics. Am. J. Psychiat., 95, 1197–1204
Ravensborg, M. R. (1972). An operant conditioning approach to increasing interpersonal awareness among chronic schizophrenics. J. clin. Psychol., 28, 411–413
Richardson, R., Karkalas, Y. and Harbans, L. (1972). Application of operant procedures in treatment of hallucinations in chronic psychotics. In Advances in Behaviour Therapy, Vol. IV (ed. Rubin, R. et al.), Academic Press, New York
Riesman, F. (1964). Role-playing and the lower socio-economic group. Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama, 17, 36–48
Serber, M. and Nelson, P. (1971). The ineffectiveness of systematic desensitisation and assertive training in hospitalised schizophrenics. J. Behay. Ther. exp. Psychiat., 2, 253–254
Stevens, B. C. (1972). Dependence of schizophrenics on elderly relatives. Psychological Medicine, 2, 17–32
Stöffelmayr, B. E., Faulkner, G. E. and Mitchell, W. S. (1973). The rehabilitation of chronic hospitalised patients. A comparative study of operant conditioning methods and social therapy techniques. Final Report to the Scottish Home and Health Department
Thomas, E. J. and Walter, C. L. (1973). Guidelines for behavioural practice in the open community agency: procedure and evaluation. Behay. Res. Ther., 11, 193–205
Tillotson, K. J. (1939). The practice of the Total Push Method in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat., 95, 1205–1211
Ullman, L. P., Forsman, R. G., Kenney, J. W., McInnis, T. L., Unikel, I. P. and Zeisset, R. M.(1965). Selective reinforcement of schizophrenics’ interview responses. Behay. Res. Ther., 2, 205–212
Weinmann, B., Gelbart, P., Wallace, M. and Post, M. (1972). Inducing assertive behaviour in chronic schizophrenics: a comparison of socio-environmental desensitisation and relaxed therapies. J. consult. clin. Psychol., 39, 246–252
Wilson, F. S. (1966). Modification of speech output of near-mute schizophrenics through social-learning procedures. Behay. Res. Ther., 4, 59–67
Wince, J. P., Leitenberg, H. and Agras, W. S. (1972). The effects of token reinforcement and feedback on the delusional verbal behaviour of chronic paranoid schizophrenics. J. appl. behay. Anal., 5, 247–262
Wing, J. K., Bennett, D. H. and Denham, J. (1964). The Industrial Rehabilitation of Long-stay Schizophrenic Patients, Medical Research Council Memo No. 42, H.M.S.O., London
Wing, J. K. and Brown, G. W. (1970). Institutionalism and Schizophrenia, Cambridge University Press, London
Wing, L., Wing, J. K., Stevens, B. and Griffths, D. (1972). An epidemiological and experimental evaluation of industrial rehabilitation of chronic psychotic patients in the community. In Evaluating a Community Psychiatric Service—The Camberwell Register, 1964–1971 (ed. Wing, J. K. and Hailey, A. M. ), Oxford University Press, London
Zusman, J. (1967). Some explanations of the changing appearance of psychotic patients: social breakdown syndrome concept. Int. J. Psychiat., 3, 216–237
Copyright information
© 1978 Raghu N. Gaind and Barbara L. Hudson
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Atkinson, J.M. (1978). Community Management of Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia by Behavioural Methods. In: Current Themes in Psychiatry 1. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-03642-4_26
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-03642-4_26
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-03644-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-03642-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)