Abstract
The expansion of the supply industry, and especially of its commercial and distribution sides, made increasing calls on the labour market in the inter-war years. There was a ready pool of unemployed labour from which it could draw unskilled men, and in most areas supply undertakings had little difficulty in attracting skilled craftsmen to the secure and relatively well paid jobs in the industry. For most of the inter-war years there were skilled electricians unemployed and on the books of the Labour Exchanges, though later in the period cutbacks in apprenticeship training and growing competition from the expanding engineering trades reduced the available pool. Estimates of the number of workers employed by the industry are difficult to interpret in that they sometimes include those employed in railway or tramway power-stations but exclude some local authority employees. The numbers directly employed by the supply undertakings on generation and distribution probably grew from around 20,000 in 1907 to 36,000 in 1922 and 109,000 in 1938.1 In addition there were some Town Hall staff working on accounts for the supply undertakings, and perhaps several thousand men directly employed by the undertakings on capital construction projects.2 Even when this additional employment is considered, however, it is evident that the industry was capital- rather than labour-intensive.
Speaking broadly the unions have been of very great assistance. We know they will honour their agreements.
An electricity supply employer reported in J. Hilton, J. J. Mallon, S. Rowntree, Sir Arthur Salter et al (eds) Are Trade Unions Obstructive? (1935) p. 131
… an essential condition of securing a permanent improvement in the relations between employers and employed is that there should be adequate organisation on the part of both employers and workpeople.
Ministry of Reconstruction, (Whitley) Sub-Committee on Relations between Employers and Employed, Interim Report on Joint Standing Industrial Councils, Cmd 8606 (1917) para. 23
The course to be avoided is that followed in connection with the much advertised, but highly ineffective, Joint Industrial Councils, which began as parliaments, and not infrequently continued, when they continued at all, as tea-parties …
R. H. Tawney, Equality, 1931, p. 264
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Notes on the Text
see A. Chapman, Wages and Salaries in the United Kingdom 1920–1938 (Cambridge, 1953).
E. T. Kingsbury and E. Boys, ‘Outline History of the Northmet Power Co’, typescript 1946, Electricity Council archives; H. Finer, Municipal Trading (1941) p. 227.
C. Booth, Life and Labour of the People of London, vol. 6, (1895) pp. 41–3, 49.
Department of Employment, British Labour Statistics: Historical Abstract 1886–1968 (1971) pp. 94–5;
E. H. Phelps Brown and M. H. Browne, A Century of Pay (1968) p. 444;
G. Routh, Occupation and Pay in Great Britain, 1906–1960, (Cambridge, 1965) p. 91.
C. Merz and W. McLellan, ‘Power Station Design’, JIEE, vol. 33 (1904) pp. 701–2, and discussion, p. 743.
G. Schaffer, Light and Liberty: Sixty Years of the Electrical Trades Union (1949) pp. 28–9;
ETU, The Story of the ETU (1952) p. 57.
Executive Council Report of June 1903 quoted in ETU, The Story of the ETU (1952) pp. 63–4.
C. Ashmore Baker, Public versus Private Electricity Supply, Fabian Tract no. 173 (1913) pp. 8–9
See generally, E. H. Phelps Brown The Growth of British Industrial Relations: A Study from the Standpoint of 1906–1914 (1959).
J. S. Ainsworth, ‘Wages and Holidays in Central Stations’, Electrical Review, 28 February 1913, p. 364.
Department of employment, British Labour Statistics: Historical Abstract 1886–1968 (1971) p. 395;
L. Hannah and J. A. Kay, Concentration in Modern Industry (1977) pp. 113–14.
ETU, The Story of the ETU (1952) p. 89;
D. J. Parsons, Electricity (1926) p. 45.
ETU, The Story of the ETU (1952) p. 91.
R. H. Desmarais, ‘The British Government’s Strike Breaking Organisation and Black Friday’, Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 6 (1971).
see R. Charles, The Development of British Industrial Relations 1911–39 (1973).
On employer attitudes, generally, see W. R. Garside, ‘Management and Men: Aspects of British Industrial Relations in the Interwar Period’, in B. Supple (ed.) Essays in British Business History (Oxford, 1977);
H. Gospel, ‘An Approach to the Theory of the Firm in Industrial Relations’, British Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 11, 1973.
ETU, The Story of the ETU, 1952, pp. 78–9.
On the ETU, see generally, Lord Citrine, Men and Work, 1964, chapters 2–4;
O. Cannon and J. R. Anderson, The Road from Wigan Pier, A Biography of Les Cannon (1973) chapter 5;
E. W. Bussey, ‘The Electrical Trades Union’, Electrical Review, 15 September 1944, pp. 383–6;
On the AEU generally see J. B. Jefferys, The Story of the Engineers 1800–1945, (1946).
On the TGWU generally, see A. Bullock, The Life and Times of Ernest Bevin, vol. 1, Trade Union Leader 1881–1940 (1960);
R. Hyman, The Workers’ Union (1971)
On the NUGW, generally, see H. A. Clegg, General Union in a Changing Society: A Short History of the National Union of General and Municipal Workers (1964):
E. A. and G. Radice Will Thorne: Constructive Militant (1974).
On the EPEA, generally, see A. M. F. Palmer, ‘A Short History of the Association’, Electrical Power Engineer, June 1960, p. 259;
W. Arthur Jones. The Electrical Power Engineers’ Association’, Electrical Review, 11 August 1944, pp. 203–5.
E.g. O. H. Baldwin, in JIEE, vol. 60 (1920) pp. 444–5.
J. A. Dowie, ‘1919–20 is in Need of Attention’, Economic History Review, vol. 28 (1975).
As was common in engineering generally, see e.g. K. G. J. C. Knowles and D. J. Robertson, ‘Earnings in Engineering 1926–1948’, Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Statistics, vol. 13 (1951).
R. Martin, Communism and the British Trade Unions 1924–1933(1969) pp. 98, 159n, 188;
W. Joynson Hicks, Home Secretary, ‘Note on arrangements for dealing with Industrial Emergencies’ dated 6 August 1925, in CAB 24/174;
G. A. Phillips, The General Strike: The Politics of Industrial Conflict (1976) pp. 78–9;
R. H. Desmarais, ‘Strike Breaking and the Labour Government of 1924’, Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 8 (1973).
The best account of the General Strike, on which the following draws, is G.A. Phillips, The General Strike: The Politics of Industrial Conflict (1916).
R. Jenkins, Mr. Attlee: An Interim Biography (1948) pp. 111–4.
cf. C. Farman, The General Strike May 1926 (1972) p. 119.
ETU, 1889–1939, 50 Years of the Electrical Trades Union, 1939, p. 64.
ETU, The Story of the ETU, 1952, p. 121.
H. F. Chastney, ‘History of the London Power Co.’, undated (1960) typescript, Electricity Council archives, pp. 4,6,9.
W. E. G. Salter, Productivity and Technical Change (2nd edition, Cambridge 1966) p. 116.
see K. G. J. C. Knowles and D. J. Robertson, ‘Differences between the Wages of Skilled and Unskilled Workers’, Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Statistics, vol. 13, 1951.
Interviews and cf. H. Sallis, ‘Joint Consultation and Meetings of Primary Working Groups in Power Stations’, British Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 3 (1965).
R. A. W. Connor, ‘The Effect of the National Grid on the Operation and Maintenance of Secondary Power Stations’, JIEE, vol. 90, part II (1943).
E. T. Kingsbury and E. Boys, ‘Outline History of the Northmet Power Co’, typescript 1946, Electricity Council archives, pp. 27–9;
see H. A. Clegg, General Union in a Changing Society (1964) p. 123.
W. Milne Bailey (ed.), Trade Union Documents (1929) p. 459.
W. E. G. Salter, Productivity and Technical Change (2nd edition, Cambridge, 1966) p. 116.
H. A. Clegg, General Union in Changing Society (1964) p. 122;
O. Cannon and J. R. Anderson, The Road from Wigan Pier: A Biography of Les Cannon (1973) pp. 80–3.
H. Sallis, ‘Pay and Conditions in Electricity Supply before the Status Agreement, 1939–1964’, Electricity, January/February 1968.
R. S. Edwards and R. D. V. Roberts, Status, Productivity and Pay, (1971).
See, generally, A. Spoor, White Collar Union: Sixty Years of Nalgo (1967).
W. E. Swale, Forerunners of the North Western Electricity Board (Manchester, 1963, p. 83);
and see generally, F. Hughes, By Hand and Brain: The Story of the Clerical and Administrative Workers’ Union (1953);
F. D. Klingender, The Condition of Clerical Labour in Britain (1935).
G. Crossick, ‘The Emergence of the Lower Middle Class in Britain: A Discussion’, in G. Crossick (ed.), The Lower Middle Class in Britain 1870–1914 (1977).
A. Chapman, Wages and Salaries in the United Kingdom 1920–1938 (Cambridge, 1953) p. 123,
A. W. Postgate, E. Wilkinson, J. F. Horrabin, A Worker’s History of the General Strike (1927) p. 19;
W. H. Crook, The General Strike (North Carolina, 1931) p. 387.
D. J. Parsons, Electricity (1926) p. 45;
F. W. Lipscomb The Wise Men of the Wires, 1975;
B. A. McFarlane, ‘The Chartered Engineer: A Study of the Recruitment, Qualification, Conditions of Employment and Professional Associations of Chartered, Civil, Electrical and Mechanical Engineers in Great Britain’, unpublished PhD thesis, London, 1961;
C. L. E. Stewart, Electricity Undertaking (1925) p. 16.
J. N. Thomas, ‘Electricity Supply Salaries’, Electrical Review, 19 June 1931, pp. 1044–6;
D. Shipton Wood, ‘Salaries and Grading’, Electrical Review, 2 August 1935, p. 146;
W. A. Jones, ‘Supply Staffs’ Salaries’, Electrical Review, 9 June 1939, p. 830;
F. H. Dennis, Electricity: Public or Private Monopoly? (1945) p. 33.
G. Routh, Occupation and Pay in Great Britain, 1906–1960, (Cambridge, 1965) p. 84.
W. E. Swale. Forerunners of the North Western Electricity Board (Manchester, 1963) pp. 84–5;
report of speech by Alderman Walker, Electrical Review, 13 February 1931, p. 290;
H. Finer, Municipal Trading (1941) pp. 203–16.
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© 1979 The Electricity Council
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Hannah, L. (1979). The Growth of Industrial Relations. In: Electricity before Nationalisation. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-03443-7_8
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