Abstract
Britain had led European economic growth during the industrialisation of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.1 To a considerable degree, this unprecedented growth derived from the ingenuity and empiricism of practically-minded entrepreneurs and inventors. Their modifications of existing practice, and their more radical innovations, were taken up by craftsmen and manufacturers in the basic metal, textile and engineering industries. Scientific inquiry and elaborate mathematical calculation had not been absent,2 but these factors were to play a much greater role in the next wave of innovation in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Thus, with the infant organic chemical industry, the electricity supply industry shares the distinction of being the first important modern industry to rest its fundamental development on the inquiries of scientists. The industry did, of course, also have clearly discernible links with established engineering practice, but the readily comprehensible work of the mechanical engineer, dealing with machines whose effects were visually apparent, yielded precedence, in the electrical industry, to an industrial culture which drew equally on the contribution of the research scientist. It involved phenomena at one remove from the easily understood experience of the common man. The spinning jenny and the first iron bridge at Coal brookedale could be seen and apprehended; electric power, by contrast, was at first a mysterious force, and, even when the public became familiar with its properties in use, understanding of its nature and the development of its applications remained the prerogative of the engineer and scientist.
… while many practical witnesses see serious difficulties in the speedy adaptation of the electric light to useful purposes of illumination, the scientific witnesses see in this economy of force the means of great industrial development. … Scientific witnesses also considered that in the future the electric current might be extensively used to transmit power as well as light. …
Select Committee on Lighting by Electricity (Chairman: Dr Lyon Playfair, MP), Report, 13 June 1879, p. iii.
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Notes on the Text
For fuller surveys of the early history of the public supply industry see I. C. R. ‘Byatt, The British Electrical Industry 1875–1914’, unpublished DPhil thesis, Oxford 1962;
R. A. S. Hennessey, The Electric Revolution, (Newcastle, 1972);
R. H. Parsons, The Early Days of the Power Station Industry, (Cambridge, 1939); on all of which this chapter draws extensively.
See e.g. A. E. Musson, Science, Technology and Economic Growth in the Eighteenth Century, (1972).
M. W. Lackie, ‘Early Experiments in Electric Traction’, JIEE, vol. 42 (1908–9) pp. 626–9.
On the early manufacturing companies, see e.g. J. D. Scott, Siemens Brothers 1858–1958, (1958);
H. C. Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers 1875–1900, (Cambridge Mass., 1953) pp. 14–71;
B. Bowers, R. E. Crompton: Electrical Engineer (1969).
reprinted in W. H. B. Court, British Economic History 1870–1914 —Commentary and Documents, (Cambridge, 1965) pp. 123–4.
W. E. Swale, Forerunners of the North Western Electricity Board, (Manchester, 1963) p. 2.
Lady Gwendolen Cecil, Life of Robert, Marquess of Salisbury, vol. 3 (1931) p. 3.
The locus classicus of this view is E. Garcke, The Progress of Electrical Enterprise, (1907).
H. O. O’ Hagan, Leaves from My Life, vol. 1 (1929) pp. 118–40.
Robert Hammond, The Electric Light in Our Homes, 1884, p. 176.
See e.g. T. P. Hughes, Thomas Edison: Professional Inventor, (1976).
T. P. Hughes, ‘British Electrical Industry Lag: 1882–1888’, Technology and Culture, vol. 3 (1962) pp. 27Senary-44.
S. Z. de Ferranti and R. Ince, The Life and Letters of S. Z. de Ferranti, (1934), especially pp. 57–104.
R. H. Parsons, The Steam Turbine and other Inventions of Sir C. Parsons, O.M. (1942).
C. Merz and W. McLellan, Tower Station Design’, JIEE, vol. 33 (1904) pp. 705–8;
F. M. L. Thompson, ‘Nineteenth Century Horse Sense’, Economic History Review, vol. 29 (1976) p. 80.
P. Dunsheath, A History of Electrical Engineering (1962) pp. 178–95.
V. Knox, ‘The Economic Effects of the Tramway Act, 1870’, Economic Journal, vol. 11 (1901) p. 492.
H. J. Habakkuk, ‘Fluctuations in Housebuilding in Britain and the United States in the Nineteenth Century’, Journal of Economic History, vol. 22 (1962) p. 211.
and see generally T. Barker and M. Robbins, A History of London Transport, vol. 1 (1963),
Quoted in A. E. Musson, Enterprise in Soap and Chemicals. Joseph Crossfield and Sons Ltd., 1815–1965 (Manchester 1965) p. 211.
R. B. du Boff, ‘The Introduction of Electric Power in American Manufacturing’, Economic History Review, vol. 20 (1967) pp. 509–18.
I. C. R. Byatt, ‘Electrical Products’ in D. H. Aldcroft (ed.), The Development of British Industry and Foreign Competition 1875–1914 (1968) pp. 255–8.
The Genesis of the Present Pricing System in Electricity Supply’, Oxford Economic Papers, vol. 15 (1963). and see also the discussion on domestic tariffs, pp. 199–200 below.
L. Crouch, ‘Electrical Development in Industrial Areas’, Electrical Review, 12 January 1912, p. 75.
B. J. Barber, ‘Leeds Corporation 1835–1905: A History of the Environmental, Social and Administrative Services’, unpublished PhD thesis, Leeds, 1975.
J. Chamberlain, ‘Municipal Government; Past, Present and Future’, The New Review, no. 61 (June 1894) p. 658;
see also A. Briggs, History of Birmingham, vol. 2 (1952) chapters 1–4.
E.g. E. Garcke, The Limitations of Municipal Trading (1900);
idem, The Progress of Electrical Enterprise (1907);
and generally N. Soldon, ‘Laissez-Faire as Dogma: The Liberty and Property Defence League 1882–1914’, in K. D. Brown (ed.), Essays in Anti-Labour History: Responses to the Rise of Labour in Britain, (1974).
Joint Select Committee on Electrical Energy Generating Stations and Supply, Report, HofC IX 1898, p. 615.
Mr J. C. Macdona, Progressive Conservative member for Southwark, Rotherhithe, HC Deb, 4th series, vol. 79, col. 1374, 1 March 1900.
See also J. Rowland, Progress in Power, (1960) for an account of the role of Merz & McLellan.
J. T. Merz, A History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century, vol. 1 (1896) p. 92;
and cf. C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge, 1959).
C. H. Merz and W. McLellan, ‘Power Station Design’, JIEE, vol. 33 (1904) pp. 696–793.
C. Vernier, Chairman’s address to Newcastle Local Section, JIEE, vol. 52 (1914) pp. 17–18;
S. Z. de Ferranti, presidential address, JIEE, vol. 46 (1911).
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Hannah, L. (1979). Pioneers of Lighting and Power. In: Electricity before Nationalisation. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-03443-7_1
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