Abstract
The last 20 years have witnessed probably greater changes in the agricultural sector than any other single period in the history of the Middle East. Massive land reforms have been instigated in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Iran, involving the breaking up of large estates and their redistribution to tenants, sharecroppers and farm labourers. Co-operative organisations have been set up to provide farmers with agricultural credit and farm inputs while; in addition, an increasing proportion of farm produce has been marketed through these organisations rather than the traditional merchants. New large-scale irrigation projects based, in most cases, on the experience of the Tennessee Valley Authority, have been undertaken, often with foreign assistance, to increase the land available for cultivation and to provide power.1
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Chapter 2
For a summary of these developments see M. Clauson, H. Landsberg and L. Alexander, The Agricultural Potential of the Middle East ( Rand Corporation, New York, 1972 ).
G. Baer, A History of Landownership in Modern Egypt 1800–1950 (Oxford University Press, 1962 ).
Doreen Warriner, Land Reform and Development in the Middle East, a Study of Egypt, Syria and Iraq (Oxford University Press, 1957).
See Gabriel Saab, The Egyptian Agrarian Reform 1952–1962 (Oxford University Press, 1967).
See Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, Country Reports of Iraq and Syria to World Land Reform Conference ( Rome, 1966 ), Mimeographed.
R. M. Ghonemy, ‘Economic and Institutional Organizations of Egyptian Agriculture since 1952’, in P. J. Vatikiotis (ed.) Egypt Since the Revolution, ( Allen and Unwin, London, 1968 ).
Ann Lambton, The Persian Land Reform 1962–66 (Oxford University Press, 1969).
E. Eshag and A. M. Kamal, ‘Agrarian Reform in the United Arab Republic (Egypt)’, Bulletin of the Oxford Institute of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 30 (May 1968), pp. 96–8.
Doreen Warriner, Land Reform in Principle and Practice (Oxford University Press, 1969), Chapters 1 and 4.
K. S. McLachlan, ‘Land Reform in Iran’, in W. B. Fisher (ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran (Cambridge University Press, 1968), Vol. 1, p. 684ff.
Doreen Warriner ‘Employment and Income Aspects of Recent Agrarian Reforms in the Middle East’, International Labour Review Vol. 101, (1970).
See also R. M. Ghonemy ‘Land Reform and Economic Development in the Middle East’, Land Economics, Vol. 44, (1968).
Ann Lambton, ‘Land Reform and the Rural Cooperative Societies’, in Ehsan Yar Shaler (ed.), Iran Faces the Seventies ( Praeger, New York, 1971 ), Chapter 1.
J. D. Atkinson, Handbook of Egyptian Irrigation (Cairo, 1934 ).
C. Warren ‘The High Aswan Dam and New Trends in Egyptian Agriculture’, Foreign Agriculture, Vol. 7, (1969).
Rodney Wilson, ‘Egypt’, The Times Supplement on the Arab Renaissance, 20 March 1975, p. 6.
Egypt historically tended to opt for the former. See Galal A. Amin, Food Supply and Economic Development with Special Reference to Egypt (Cass, London, 1966 ).
Harry Myint, South East Asia’s Economy (Penguin, London, 1971). Chapter 2 discusses the Green Revolution.
One useful study was conducted by R. M. Stern, ‘The Price-Responsiveness of Egyptian Cotton Producers’, Kyklos, Vol. 12, (1959).
B. Hansen and M. El Tomy, ‘The Seasonal Employment Profile on Egyptian Agriculture’, Journal of Development Studies (1965), No. 1.
Rodney Wilson, ‘Fruiterer to the Arab World’, The Times Supplement on Beirut, 27 June 1975, p. 3.
The Arab World: Key Indicators The Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (Kuwait, April 1975), Table 6.4, p. 40.
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© 1977 Rodney Wilson
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Wilson, R. (1977). Trade and Development of the Agrarian Economy. In: Trade and Investment in the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-03299-0_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-03299-0_2
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