Abstract
As was discussed in Chapter 4, the gross difference between male and female earnings (i.e. ‘statistical’ discrimination) will overestimate the extent of ‘pure’ discrimination. The whole of the statistical difference is unlikely to be solely the result of male. prejudice leading to women being paid less than men doing the same work and denying women equal opportunities for advancement. Part of the difference will be due to causes which are ‘economic’ rather than discriminatory in origin. In Chapter 3 we attempted to show the contribution of various factors to this differential and we were able to isolate occupational distribution, hours of work and age. Allowing for these factors the major source of the difference in average earnings was the fact that women were paid substantially less than men within each occupational category. In this chapter we attempt to isolate supply-side differences between the sexes which would ‘explain’ at least a part of the difference, so that the remainder can then be regarded as an upper estimate of the extent of discrimination.
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Notes
See, for instance, G. S. Becker, Human Capital (National Bureau of Economic Research, 1964 ), and ‘Human Capital and the Personal Distribution of Income: An Analytic Approach’, Woytinsky Lecture No. 1, University of Michigan 1967; J. Mincer, ’On the Job Training: Costs, Returns and Some Implications’, Journal of Political Economy (Oct 1962), ’The Distribution of Labour Incomes: A Survey with Special Reference to the Human Capital Approach’, Journal of Economic Literature (Mar 1970) and Schooling, Experience and Earnings (National Bureau of Economic Research, 1974). The statistical results represented below can, however, merely be regarded as statistical functions relating e.g, experience to earnings, without necessarily implying anything about return to human capital.
H. Sanborn, ‘Pay Differences Between Men and Women’, Industrial and Labour Relations Review (July 1964).
V. R. Fuchs, ‘Differences in Hourly Earnings Between Men and Women’, Monthly Labour Review (May 1971).
R. Oaxaca, ‘Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labour Markets’, International Economic Review (Oct 1973), and ’Sex Discrimination in Wages’, in Ashenfelter and Rees, op. cit.
B. Malkiel and J. Malkiel, ‘Male-Female Pay Differentials in Professional Employment’, American Economic Review (Sep 1973).
N. M. Gordon, T. E. Morton and I. N. Braden, ‘Faculty Salaries: Is there Discrimination by Sex, Race and Discipline?’, American Economic Review (June 1974).
D. A. Katz, ‘Faculty Salaries, Promotion and Productivity in a Large University’, American Economic Review (June 1973).
G. E. Johnson and F. P. Stafford, ‘The Earnings and Promotion of Women Faculty’, American Economic Review (Dec 1974).
See J. Johnston, Econometric Methods, 2nd ed. (McGraw-Hill, 1972 ).
See R. B. Freeman, ‘Labour Market Discrimination: Analysis, Findings, and Problems’, in Michael D. Intriligator and David A. Kendrick (eds), Frontiers of Quantitative Economics, Volume II (North-Holland, 1974 ).
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© 1976 Brian Chiplin and Peter J. Sloane
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Chiplin, B., Sloane, P.J. (1976). How much Discrimination is there against Women?. In: Sex Discrimination in the Labour Market. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02784-2_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02784-2_8
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