Abstract
The Howick Act of 1831 soon became the short test of British politicians’ views on the Canadas. Ought it be repealed, suspended, or followed by further concessions? Was it a late return to the policy followed by Pitt and Grenville in 1791, or a mere palliative to reduce colonial dissatisfaction?
The Whigs … did have firmly held principles. They really believed in giving the colonists control over their own internal affairs, and had the colonial assemblies been able to agree as to the form of self-government they wanted, they would probably have got it between 1835 and 1837.
H. T. Manning1
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References
H. T. Manning, In CHR, XXXIII, 203.
Westminster Review, XLVI (1839), 269.
Kriegel, in EHR, LXXXVI, 23.
Bentham to O’Connell, 31 Aug 1828, quoted in Bowring, Works of Jeremy Bentham X, 598.
Hanham, Reform of the Electoral System, 8.
Fairley, Selected Writings of Mackenzie 318f.; Lindsey Life and Times of Mackenzie 234; H. T. Manning, in CHR XXXIII, 228f.
Robert Stephen Rintoul (1787–1858) founded the Spectator in 1828 and made it the ‘weekly organ of the Wakefield party’ (Semmel, Free Trade Imperialism 125).
John Black (1783–1855) edited The Morning Chronicle, 1817–43.
Fairley, Selected Writings of Mackenzie, 326f.
Ibid., 247; Journal of the third Earl Grey, 20 and 30 June 1833.
Fairley, Selected Writings of Mackenzie, 323.
Memorandum by James Stephen, 30 Mar 1832, CO 537/22.
Fraser’s Magazine, XXXIII (1846), 471f.
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Saunders, in Ontario History XLIX, 165f. (quotation at 178); Craig, Upper Canada 107f.
Craig, in CHR, XXIX, 338f.; Colborne to Hay, 8 May 1833, CO 42/244.
Craig, in CHR, XXIX, 350f.
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Fairley, Selected Writings of Mackenzie, 259; Craig, in CHR, XXIX, 343f.
C. W. New, in CHR XX, 119f. at 123f.
Craig, in CHR XXIX, 345f.
Creighton, Empire of the St Lawrence, 303; Craig, in CHR XXIX, 344.
The Massacre of Montreal’, in H. T. Manning, Revolt of French Canada, 347f.
Ellice to Howick, 2 Jan 1832, Grey of Howick Papers.
Wade, The French Canadians 141; H. T. Manning, Revolt of French Canada 202, 344.
Creighton, Empire of the St Lawrence, 276f.; H. T. Manning, Revolt of French Canada, 192, 203; Ellice to Howick, 4 Sep 1832, Grey of Howick Papers.
Creighton, Empire of the St Lawrence, 276f.
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Petition of the House of Assembly, in Kennedy, Documents 258f.
Correspondent 26 Jan 1833.
The British constitution was prescriptive. See Chapter 1.
Address of the Legislative Council, in Kennedy, Documents 262f.
Kennedy, Documents 266f; Ouellet, Papineau 77f., Montreal Gazette 27 May 1834, quoting Dundas Weekly Post.
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PP 1834, XVIII; Evidence, PP 1837, VII (96); H. T. Manning, in Bulletin of the IHR XXX, 59.
PD XXV, 920 (4 Aug 1834).
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 1 Mar, 5, 9 and 22 May 1834, 3 Nov 1835; 3 PD XXVI, 670 (9 Mar 1835).
Spring-Rice to Aylmer, 29 June 1834 (confidential), in PAC, Report 1931, 307f. Minutes of the Conference (of Spring-Rice, Roebuck, Viger and Morin) at the Colonial Office, 22 June 1834. Papers of the third Earl Grey, Colonial Papers, Canada, No. 46.
Especially, Aylmer to Spring-Rice, 11 Sep and 8 Oct 1834, CO 42/252.
Memorandum by Stephen, 19 Aug 1834, minute by Hay, 22 Sep 1834, CO 537/137 (also CO 880/1).
Peel to Croker, 14 Apr 1835, in Jennings, Croker Papers II, 273; Peel in the Commons, 3 PD XXVI, 699f. (9 Mar 1835) and XXVIII, 881f. (12 June 1835).
Stephen to Howick, 20 Mar 1835, Grey of Howick Papers.
PD XXVI, 703 (9 Mar 1835); H. T. Manning, in Bulletin of the IHR XXX, 59f.
Papineau to Roebuck, 25 Mar 1835, in PAC, Report 1928 22; Creighton, Empire of the St Lawrence 297.
Howick’s memoranda of 24 Apr and 28 Nov 1835, Papers of the third Earl Grey, Colonial Papers, Canada, nos. 54 and 64; Howick to Glenelg, 11 July 1835, Grey of Howick Papers.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 3 Nov 1835, indicates that some of Howick’s ideas may have come from Tocqueville, Democracy in America.
The Times 23 Dec 1837.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 4 July 1835.
Instructions to Gosford Commission, in Kennedy, Documents (no. CXVIII), and in CO 537/138. Manning, in CHR, XXXIII, 344f.; Stephen to Howick, 25 Oct 1835, Grey of Howick Papers.
Manning, in CHR XXXIII, 347f.
The King’s pinion according to Journal of the third Earl Grey, 3 June and 9 July 1835.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 18, 19 and 27 Nov 1835; Manning and Galbraith, in CHR, XLII, 50f.
PP 1837, XXIV (50), 14.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 17 Apr 1836.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 18 Nov 1835.
Glenelg to Head, 5 Dec 1835, in Kennedy, Documents 412f.; Craig, Upper Canada 233f.
Hume to Mackenzie, 5 Dec 1835, in Head, A Narrative (London, 1839), 36f.
Correspondent and Advocate 18 Feb 1836.
Craig, Upper Canada 234f.
Head to Glenelg, 5 Feb 1836, CO 42/249; Craig, in CHR XXIX, 334.
W. W. Baldwin to R. Baldwin, 27 Apr 1836, Baldwin Papers, A. 83.
Craig, Upper Canada 236f.
Constitution 27 July 1836.
Wilson, Robert Baldwin Chapter 3; W. W. Baldwin to R. Baldwin, 17 May 1836, Baldwin Papers, A. 83.
W. W. Baldwin to R. Baldwin, 27 Aug 1836, Baldwin Papers, A 83.
PD CVIII, 550 (8 Feb 1850).
R. Baldwin to Glenelg, 13 July 1836, in Kennedy, Documents 335f., and PAC, Report 1923 329f.
G. Grey to R. Baldwin, 4 Aug 1836, quoted in Wilson, Robert Baldwin 54.
Wilson, Robert Baldwin 57f.
Constitution 27 July 1836; W. W. Baldwin to R. Baldwin, 30 July 1836, Baldwin Papers, A. 83.
Head to Glenelg, 30 Dec 1836, PAC, Colonial Office Records, Q. 391; H. T. Manning, in CHR, XXXIII, 361f.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 14 May, 9 June, 3 July and 12 Aug 1836.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 16–26 Apr, 14 May and 9–15 June 1836.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 21 Apr 1836.
CO 537/137; PAC, Report 1929, 161f.
PAC, Report 1929 161.
See Chapter 6 and p. 248f
PAC, Report 1929 170f.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 18, 23, 24 and 29 Aug 1835, and ‘Notes from my Journal for 1835’, 30 May, 3 and 8 June 1836; Howick to Melbourne, 30 May and 2 June 1836, and Melbourne to Howick, 1 June 1836, Grey of Howick Papers; Papers of the third Earl Grey, Colonial Papers, Nos 63 (dated 30 May 1836) and 64; Broughton, Recollections of a Long Life V, 41f.; 3 PD XXXVIII, 1209f. (14 Apr 1837).
Howick to Melbourne, 15 June 1836 (copy), and Melbourne to Howick, 17 June 1836, Grey of Howick Papers.
Glenelg to Gosford, 7 June 1836, in Kennedy, Documents 431f.; Journal of the third Earl Grey, 14 June 1836; Howick to Melbourne, 15 June 1836 (copy), Grey of Howick Papers.
Elliot to Howick, 18 July 1836, Grey of Howick Papers.
Stephen to Howick, 29 Aug 1836, Grey of Howick Papers.
Stephen’s minute of 15 Nov 1836, CO 537/137; Sir Charles Grey’s plan of 17 Nov 1836, PP, 1837, XXIV (50), 246f.
A. P. Newton, Federal and Unified Constitutions 37; Ward, in AJPH III, 18f.; Higham, in EHR XLI, 190f., 366f.
Stephen’s minute of 20 Dec 1836, CO 537/137; Burroughs, The Canadian Crisis, 85f.
Howick to Glenelg, 4 Jan 1837 (copy), Papers of the third Earl Grey, Colonial Papers, No. 69; epitome of proposed Canada Act, 19 Jan 1837, CO 537/137; Journal of the third Earl Grey, 18 and 23 Jan 1837.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 30 Jan and 12 Feb 1837; Stephen to Howick, 2 Jan 1837, Papers of the third Earl Grey, Colonial Papers, No. 67.
Memorandum on Canada, Feb 1837, Papers of the third Earl Grey, Colonial Papers, No. 92; 3 PD, XXXVI, 1287f. (6 Mar 1837); Kennedy, Documents, 434f.; Russell to Howick, 2 Apr 1837, Grey of Howick Papers; Journal of the third Earl Grey, 3 Apr 1837.
PD XXXVI, 128f., XXXVII, 767f., XXXVIII, 198f. (6 Mar to 24 Apr, 9 May 1837); Journal of the third Earl Grey, 9 May 1837.
Memorandum on Canada by Lord John Russell, Apr 1837, Papers of the third Earl Grey, Colonial Papers, No. 93.
Howick to Russell, 30 Mar 1837, Russell to Howick, 30 Mar 1837, and Howick to Russell, 7 Apr 1837 (copy), Grey of Howick Papers.
Russell carefully said ‘removable’, implying a discretion (then still existing) in the Crown. See Chapter 6.
See comment on Russell’s phrase ‘independent sovereign’ at p. 76f.
Memorandum of 2 Nov 1837, Papers of the Third Earl Grey, Colonial Papers, No. 97.
Glenelg to Sir A. Campbell, 31 Aug 1836, in PAC, Report 1931, 376f.; Howick to Glenelg, 11 July 1835, Grey of Howick Papers.
Glenelg to Gosford, 14 July 1837, quoted in PAC, Report 1931 416f.
Paper by Howick, 5 Apr 1837, Papers of the third Earl Grey, Colonial Papers, No. 94.
Melbourne to Howick, 8 Aug 1837, Grey of Howick Papers.
Stephen to J. C. Stephen, 18 Nov 1837, Stephen Papers, Journals, XI, 49f.; Stephen to Arthur, 22 Nov 1837, Arthur Papers (ML); Journal of the third Earl Grey, 20 June, 30 Oct, 1, 7, 10 and 30 Nov, and 1 Dec 1837.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 1 Dec 1837.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 22 Dec 1837.
PD XXXIX, 1428f. (22 Dec 1837); Journal of the third Earl Grey, 22 Dec 1837.
Melbourne to Durham, 22 July 1837, in Reid, Durham, II 137f.; Melbourne to Russell, 31 Dec 1837, in Russell, Early Correspondence II 213f.; Journal of the third Early Grey, 29 Dec 1837.
Stephen to Howick, 28 Dec 1837, Grey of Howick Papers.
Papers of the third Earl Grey, Colonial Papers, No. 99.
Melbourne to Howick, 2 Jan 1838, Grey of Howick Papers; Journal of the third Earl Grey, 2 Jan 1838.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 29 Dec 1837.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 29 Dec 1837; Papers of the third Earl Grey, Colonial Papers, No. 100.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 2, 3 and 5 Jan 1838.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 23 Dec 1837 and 5 Jan 1838; memorandum on Canada, 3(?) Jan 1838, and Howick to Russell, 2 Jan 1838, both in Russell Papers, PRO 30/22, Box 3.
Memorandum read to Cabinet, 30 May 1836, Russell Papers, PRO 30/22, Box 2; Journal of the third Earl Grey, 20 June, and 7 and 30 Nov 1837.
Melbourne to Durham, 22 July 1837, in Reid, Durham II, 137f.
New, Durham 319, from Lambton Papers, Ellice to Durham, 29 Dec 1837; The Times 7 Apr 1838.
Memorandum of January 1838 (?), in Russell, Early Correspondence 215f.; Russell to Melbourne (copy), 25 Oct [1838], Russell Papers, PRO 30/22, Box 3; Ormsby, Emergence of the Federal Concept 15.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 30 Dec 1837; Russell to Melbourne, 25 Oct [ 1838 ], Russell Papers, PRO 30/22, Box 3.
See Chapter 6. Howick to Ellice, 4 Jan 1838 (Private), Ellice Papers, E. 22 (National Library of Scotland); Martin, The Durham Report, 12f.; G. Grey to Howick, 16 Jan 1838, Grey of Howick Papers.
Melbourne to Durham, 7 Jan 1838, in Reid, Durham II, 149f.; Durham to Grey, 15 Jan 1838, Grey of Howick Papers (second Earl); New, Durham 531.
PD XL, 7f. (16 Jan 1838).
PD XL, 60f. (Grote), 87f. (Buller), 107f. (Warburton), 310f. (Roebuck) (16–29 Jan 1838); also 177, 217 (Melbourne and Brougham) (18 Jan 1838).
Gladstone’s memorandum on Peel’s remarks to Tory leaders, 20 Jan 1838, quoted in Morley, Gladstone, I 641f.
The matter went to Cabinet. Journal of the third Earl Grey, 15 and 18–26 Jan 1838; Ormsby, Emergence of the Federal Concept, 16.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 19 Jan 1838.
Glenelg to Durham, 20 Jan 1838, in PAC, Report 1923 24.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 8 Jan 1838; Papers of the third Earl Grey, Colonial Papers, No. 102.
See Chapter 2, p. 16.
Roebuck, Colonies of England 190f.; 3 PD CX, 1426 (13 May 1850).
Durham, Report II, 304; New, Durham 359f., 462.
Glenelg to Durham, 20 Jan 1838, in PAC, Report 1923 24.
Glenelg to Durham, 21 Apr 1838, in PAC, Report 1931 465.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 8 Feb 1839.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 8, 9 and 15 Jan, 3 Feb, 15 Aug, 20 and 21 Oct, 7 Nov, and 7 Dec 1838, 22, 26 and 31 Jan, 8 Feb, 8 and 17 May 1839. Durham to Glenelg, 13 Sep 1838, CO 42/283; The Times, 18 Oct 1838.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 7 Dec 1838; Russell to Melbourne (copy), 9 Dec 1838, Russell Papers, PRO 30/22, Box 3; Melbourne to Russell, 8 and 19 Dec 1838, in Sanders, Lord Melbourne’s Papers, 440f. 443f.; Durham to G. Grey, 20 Dec 1838, CO 42 /284.
Ed. C. P. Lucas, 3 vols (Oxford, 1912 ).
Martin, The Durham Report, passim.
New, Durham 369, 409, 411f.; Craig, Upper Canada 256f.
Durham Papers, II, 1–43 (1 Aug 1838), quoted in Wilson, Life of Robert Baldwin 157.
R. Baldwin to Durham, 23 July 1858, quoted in PAC, Report 1923, 326.
Cf. Wrong, Charles Buller 33.
PD LIV, 741 (29 May 1841).
PD LIV, 710f. (May 1840).
Durham, Report II, 77.
Ibid., II, 150f.
Ibid., II, 277f.
Ibid., II, 279f.
Ibid.,.II, 278.
Ibid., II, 279f.
Ibid., II, 280.
Ibid., II, 279.
Ibid., II, 282f.
Russell’s list of possible disasters in Mirror of Parliament 1840, IV, 342f.
Durham, Report II, 283.
Ibid., II, 282 and note.
Ibid., II, 282.
Ibid., II, 70, 292f. (‘Hopeless inferiority of the French Canadian race’).
Ibid., II, 70, 285.
Ibid., II, 304, 307f. Durham’s exaggerated account of a race war was challenged at once by Russell (3 PD XLVII, 1254f., 3 June 1839) and Nielson (quoted in Hamel, La Rapport de Durham 46).
Durham, Report II, 70.
Ibid., I, 149f., and II, 113, 324.
Labouchere to Barkly, 2 May 1857, in ‘Confidential Dispatches from the Secretary of State to the Governor of Victoria’, I, Part 1 (Public Library of Victoria).
Durham, Report II, 327.
J. L. Morison, ‘The Mission of the Earl of Durham’, in CHBE VI, 306; and British Supremacy and Canadian Self-Government 244.
Durham, Report, II 327.
See G. Wrong, Charles Buller 101.
H. T. Manning: in CHR, XXXIII, 203f. and 341f.; and in Bulletin of the IHR, XXX, 41f.
See Chapters 6 and 8.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 15 and 22 Jan, and 8 May 1839. Howick dutifully supported his wife, Maria Copley of the well known Tory family.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 15 Jan 1839.
Howick to Durham, 7 Feb 1839, Grey of Howick Papers; New, Durham, 133.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 2 Feb 1839.
Durham to Howick, 8 Feb 1839, Grey of Howick Papers; Wakefield to Durham, 9 Feb 1839, Durham Papers, in PAC, Report 1923, 200; Journal of the third Earl Grey, 5 Feb 1839.
Durham, Report II, 304, and III, 305f.; Glenelg to Durham, 20 Jan 1838; Trotter, in Canadian Historical Association Report 1925, 55f.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 9 Jan 1838.
PD LIV, 746 (29 May 1840).
Colonel Charles Grey, later General Grey, Private Secretary to Prince Albert and later to Queen Victoria.
Colonel Grey to Grey, 20 July 1838, 25 Feb, 17 Apr, 13 May and 24 June 1839; Ormsby, Crisis in the Canadas, 108f.
Grey to Colonel Grey, 16 May 1839, Grey of Howick Papers; Colonel Grey to Grey, 24 June 1839; Ormsby, Crisis in the Canadas, 110; Colonel Grey to Lady Durham, 12 Apr 1839, quoted in New, Durham, 531.
See Chapter 6.
Howick’s proposed minute and minute adopted by Cabinet, both in Journal of the third Earl Grey, 11 May 1839; 3 PD LI, 770 (29 Jan 1839).
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 2 Mar and 13 Apr 1839, Papers of the third Earl Grey, Colonial Papers, No. 110 (23 Feb 1839 ); New, Durham, 554, 561.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 30 Mar 1839; Ormsby, Emergence of the Federal Concept, 75f.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 26 Mar 1839; Ellice’s plan, 21 Dec 1838, CO 880 /1.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 30 Mar 1839.
Journal of the third Earl Grey, 28 May 1839. See Chapter 6.
Arthur to Normanby, 2 July 1839, CO 42/463; New, Durham, 542f.; Journal of the third Earl Grey, 2 June 1839; Craig, Upper Canada, 265f.
PD XLVII, 1254f. (3 June 1839).
Fifth Resolution, in Kennedy, Documents 435.
Ormsby, Emergence of the Federal Concept 48f.; New, Durham 526.
PD LIII, 1062f. (13 Apr 1840), LIV, 1263f. (29 May 1840); Journal of the third Earl Grey, 27 Apr, 12 June and 7 July 1840.
The Union Act, 3 and 4 Vict., c. 35.
Liverpool to Craig, 12 Sep 1810, in Kennedy, Documents 276f., discussed in Chapter 2.
Russell to Poulett Thomson, 14 Oct 1839, in Kennedy, Documents 522f.
In the West Indies and New South Wales as well as in the Canadas. See Chapters 4, 5 and 6.
W. Smith, in Canadian Historical Association Report 1928, 41f.; Journal of the third Earl Grey, 3 June 1839.
Buller to Durham, 4 June 1839, Durham Papers, in PAC, Report 1923, 204.
Russell to Poulett Thomson and the lieutenant-governors of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Bermuda, 16 Oct 1839, CO 42/297; Kennedy, Documents, 524f.; Knaplund, in CHR, V, 3f.; Kinchen, in CHR, XXXVI, 382f.; Butler, in CHJ, II, 248f.
See p. 253f.
CO 13/15.
Russell to Poulett Thomson, 7 and 14 Sep 1839; Kennedy, Documents, 516f., 522f.
Russell to Campbell, 30 Apr 1840, CO 217/174.
PD LIII, 733f. (13 Apr 1840).
Kennedy, Documents 480f.; Chisholm, Speeches and Letters of Howe.
Harvey, in CHR XX, 161f. at 175; Morrell, British Colonial Policy 19; correspondence of Russell and Howe, CO 217/171–4.
Reprinted in 1840 as Responsible Government for Colonies (later edition, ed. G. M. Wrong; Oxford, 1926); Wakefield to Durham, 26 Dec 1839, Durham Papers, in PAC, Report 1923 206.
Wrong, Charles Buller 92f.
Ibid., 113, 101.
Martin, The Durham Report Chapter 3.
See above, p. 75f. 3 PD LIII, 1056f. (13 Apr 1840), LIV, 710f., 724f., 1121f., 1263f. (29 May 1840).
Knaplund, in CHR XX, 196.
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Ward, J.M. (1976). The Canadas Troubles, 1831–41. In: Colonial Self-Government. Cambridge Commonwealth Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02712-5_3
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