Complex Numbers

Abstract

So far we have been concerned with real numbers. We are familiar with the positive and negative integers ±1, ±2, ±3…, rational numbers p/q, where p and q are integers, irrational numbers such as $$, π, e, which cannot be expressed exactly as the ratio of two integers and zero. Real numbers obey certain rules, which, through familiarity, we have come to regard as self-evident.