Abstract
THE GENERALITY of mankind is so likely to be dazzled by the glamorous and pompous ceremonies which surround those who are invested with the outward insignia of political power that sometimes even the most astute observers are deceived into mistaking the shadow of power for its substance. Because Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector of England received ambassadors, opened parliaments, and lived in royal palaces, many contemporary observers—and indeed many subsequent historians—have been inclined to ignore or to minimize the vast power wielded by Major General John Lambert. The great Victorian historian S. R. Gardiner was the first to begin the correction of this distorted view, but even Gardiner failed to emphasize sufficiently the importance of Lambert’s vast influence during the years 1653–57.
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Notes
Dictionary of National Biography, XXXI, 11–18; W. H. Dawson, Cromwell’s Understudy: Life and Times of General John Lambert (London, 1938). pp. 42, 90–91, 101–03, 124–25;
C. H. Firth (ed.), Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow, Lieutenant General of the Horse in the Army of the Commonwealth of England, 1625–1672 (Oxford, 1894), I, 280–81;
Clarendon, History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England (Oxford, 1840), II, 714.
Bulstrode Whitelocke, Memorials of the English Affairs … from the Beginning of the Reign of King Charles the First to King Charles the Second (Oxford, 1853), II, 163.
Lucy Hutchinson, Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson, ed. J. Hutchinson (London, 1905), pp. 360–61.
T. Birch (ed.), Thurloe State Papers: A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, Esq., Secretary first to the Council of State and afterwards to the Two Protectors (London, 1742), VII, 660; Whitelocke, Memorials, pp. 548–51.
C. H. Firth, Oliver Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans in England (London, 1901), p. 317.
S. R. Gardiner, History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate (London, 1894), II, 171.
W. C. Abbott, Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell (Cambridge, Mass., 1937–47), IV, 417.
Journals of the House of Commons, 1547–1714, VII, 296, 351; Gardiner, Commonwealth and Protectorate, II, 253 n. 4, 264 n. 1; W. Godwin, History of the Commonwealth of England from its Commencement to the Restoration of Charles the Second (London, 1824–28), IV, 88.
T. Burton, Diary of Thomas Burton, Esq. Member of the Parliaments of Oliver and Richard Cromwell from 1656 to 1659 … with an Introduction Containing an Account of the Parliament of 1654, ed. J. T. Rutt (London, 1828), IV, 63; Ludlow Memoirs, I, 369–70.
S. R. Gardiner (ed.), Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution, 1625–1660 (Oxford, 1906), pp. 406 ff. for Articles II, III, VI, X, XII, XIV, XV, XVII, XXI, XXIV, XXVII, XXX.
Ibid. for Articles XXV, XXVI, XXXII; R. Baillie, Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie, Principal of the University of Glasgow, 1637–1662, ed. D. Laing (Edinburgh, 1841–42), II, 419–20; letter from Van Sommelsdyjk to Nicholas, November 10, 1654, Thurloe State Papers, II, 681; Ludlow Memoirs, I, 400.
Abbott, Writings and Speeches of Cromwell, IV, 488; B. T. to (?), December 21, 1654, C. H. Firth (ed.), Clarke Papers: Selections from the Papers of William Clarke, Secretary to the Council of the Army 1647–49 and to General Monck and the Commander of the Army in Scotland 1651–60 (Cambridge, 1891–1900), I, 49, 54, 60, 62, II, xxxvi.
A. S. P. Wood, Puritanism and Liberty: The Army Debates 1647–1649 from the Clarke MSS (London, 1938).
L. von Ranke, History of England principally in the Seventeenth Century (Oxford, 1875), III, 261; Godwin, History of the Commonwealth, quoted in Dawson, Cromwell’s Understudy, p. 174, n. 1.
T. Carte (ed.), Collection of Original Letters and Papers Concerning Aflairs in England, 1641–60, Found among the Duke of Ormonde’s Papers (London, 1739), II, 89–90.
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© 1968 Ivan Roots
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Heath, G.D. (1968). Cromwell and Lambert, 1653–57. In: Roots, I. (eds) Cromwell. World Profiles. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-01479-8_5
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