Abstract
In 1940, Miyake et al.1 discovered toxic yellowed rice infected with a Penicillium sp. which was designated as P. toxicarium Miyake sp.var.2 and later was identified as P. citreo-viride Biourge. Uraguchi3,4,5,6 has carried out extensive toxicological and epidemiological investigations on the mouldy rice as a causative factor in acute cardiac beriberi (Shoshinkakke) which was prevalent in Japan in the past. He demonstrated that:
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(1)
the ethanol extract of P. citreo-viride Biourge was actually neurotoxic to several animals, causing the same symptoms as those noted in acute cardiac beriberi;
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(2)
a marked drop in the high incidence of ‘Shoshin-kakke’ in Japan occurred in 1910 although the discovery of vitamins occurred 1 year later and their usage in practical medicine only a further 10 years later, indicating that avitaminosis is not acceptable as a reasonable theory for the cause of ‘Shoshin-kakke’;
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(3)
when rice inspection conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture was introduced in major rice-producing districts in about 1910 the high incidence of ‘Shoshin-kakke’ also decreased. Thus, intake of ungraded rice or mouldy rice is presumably a suspected causative factor in the disease.6 For these reasons Dr Uraguchi,6,7,8 has stressed that acute cardiac beriberi is caused by mycotoxic intoxication originating from the metabolite(s) of P. citreo-viride Biourge.
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This investigation was partly aided by the Grant for Cancer Research (1968–1969) from the Ministry of Welfare.
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References
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Yamakawa, H. and Ueno, Y. (1970). Chem. Pharm. Bull., 18, 177.
Ueno, Y., Hosoya, M. and Ishikawa, Y. (1969). J. Biochem., 66, 419.
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© 1971 South African Medical Research Council
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Ueno, Y. (1971). Production of Citreoviridin, a Neurotoxic Mycotoxin of Penicillium Citreo-Viride Biourge. In: Purchase, I.F.H. (eds) Symposium on Mycotoxins in Human Health. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-01318-0_12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-01318-0_12
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