Abstract
There is now adequate evidence to accept a number of compounds as transmitters in the mammalian central nervous system. This paper is concerned with pharmacological interference with transmitter action and discusses micro-electrophoretic methods, since investigations in which selective antagonists of a particular transmitter process are administered close to synapses may be useful in establishing the nature of the transmitter and may provide information of therapeutic significance. As might be expected I shall concentrate on acetylcholine and the amino acid transmitters, since the evidence for noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and certain polypeptides as transmitters seems to be based more on neurochemical findings and evidence of excitation or inhibition of neurones, rather than on the use of selective antagonists.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Andersen, P. and Curtis, D. R. (1964). ‘The pharmacology of the synaptic and acetylcholine-induced excitation of ventrobasal thalamic neurones’, Acta physiol. scand., 61, 100–120
Balcar, V. J. and Johnston, G. A. R. (1972). ‘The structural specificity of the high affinity uptake of L-glutamate and L-aspartate by rat brain slices’, J. Neurochem., 19, 2657–2666
Balcar, V. J. and Johnston, G. A. R. (1973). ‘High affinity uptake of transmitters: studies on the uptake of L-aspartate, GABA, L-glutamate and glycine in cat spinal cord’, J. Neurochem., 20, 529–539
Banna, N. R. and Jabbur, S. J. (1971). ‘The effects of depleting GABA on cuneate presynaptic inhibition’, Brain Res., 33, 530–532
Baumgarten, H. G., Björklund, A., Lachenmayer, L. and Nobin, A. (1973). Evaluation of the effects of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine on serotonin and catecholamine neurones in the rat CNS’, Acta physiol. scand., Suppl., 391, 1–19
Baumgarten, H. G., Lachenmayer, L. and Schlossberger, H. G. (1972). ‘Evidence for a degeneration of indoleamine containing nerve terminals in rat brain, induced by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine’, Z. Zellforsch. mikrosk. Anat., 125, 553–569
Beart, P. M. and Johnston, G. A. R. (1973). ‘GABA uptake in rat brain slices: inhibition by GABA analogues and by various drugs’, J. Neurochem., 20, 319–324
Beart, P. M., Johnston, G. A. R. and Uhr, M. L. (1972). ‘Competitive inhibition of GABA uptake in rat brain slices by some GABA analogues of restricted conformation’, J. Neurochem., 19, 1855–1861
Bell, J. A. and Anderson, E. G. (1972). ‘The influence of semicarbazide-induced depletion of y-aminobutyric acid on presynaptic inhibition’, Brain Res., 43, 161–169
Bennett, J. P. Jr., Logan, W.J. and Snyder, S. H. (1973). ‘Amino acids as central nervous transmitters: the influence of ions, amino acid analogues, and ontogeny on transport systems for L-glutamate and L-aspartic acids and glycine into central nervous synaptosomes of the rat’, J. Neurochem., 21, 1533–1550
Biscoe, T. J., Curtis, D. R. and Ryall, R. W. (1966). ‘An investigation of catecholamine receptors of spinal interneurones’, Int. J. Neuropharmac., 5, 429–434
Biscoe, T. J., Duggan, A. W. and Lodge, D. (1973). ‘Actions of pancuronium on Renshaw cells of the rat spinal cord’, Comp. gen. Pharmac., 4, 179–181
Bloom, F. E. (1974). ‘To spritz or not to spritz: the doubtful value of aimless iontophoresis’, Life Sci., 14, 1819–1834
Bloom, F. E., Chu, N-s., Hoffer, B.J., Nelson, C. N. and Siggins, C. R. (1973). ‘Studies in the function of central noradrenergic neurons’, Neurosci. Res., 5, 53–72
Bloom, F. E., Hoffer, B. J., Siggins, G. R., Barker, J. L. and Nicoll, R. A. (1972). ‘Effects of serotonin on central neurons: microiontophoretic administration’, Fedn Proc. Fedn Am. Socs exp. Biol., 31, 97–106
Bloom, F. E., Siggins, G. R. and Hoffer, B. J. (1974). ‘Interpreting the failures to confirm the depression of cerebellar Purkinje cells by cyclic AMP’, Science, 185, 627–629
Boakes, R. J., Bradley, P. B., Briggs, I. and Dray, A. (1970). ‘Antagonism of 5-hydroxytryptamine by LSD 25 in the central nervous system: a possible neuronal basis for the actions of LSD 25’, Br. J. Pharmac., 40, 202–218
Bradshaw, C. M., Roberts, M. H. T. and Szabadi, E. (1971). ‘Effect of tricyclic antidepressants on monoamine responses of single cortical neurones’, Br. J. Pharmac., 41, 394–395P
Bradshaw, C. M., Roberts, M. H. T. and Szabadi, E. (1973). ‘Comparison of the effects of imipramine and desipramine on single cortical neurones’, Br. J. Pharmac., 48, 358–359P
Brooks, V. B., Curtis, D. R. and Eccles, J. C. (1957). ‘The action of tetanus toxin on the inhibition of motoneurones’, J. Physiol., Lond., 135, 655–672
Bunney, B. S., Aghajanian, G. L. and Roth, R. H. (1973). ‘Comparison of effects ofL-dopa, amphetamine and apomorphine on firing rate of rat dopaminergic neurones’, Nature new Biol., 245, 123–125
Collins, J. F. and Hill, R. G. (1974). (+) and (−)-Bicuculline methochloride as optical isomers of a GABA antagonist’, Nature, 249, 845–847
Connor, J. D. (1970). ‘Caudate nucleus neurones: correlation of the effects of substantia nigra stimulation with iontophoretic dopamine’, J. Physiol., Lond., 208, 691–703
Crawford, J. M. and Curtis, D. R. (1966). ‘Pharmacological studies on feline Betz cells’, J. Physiol., Lond., 186, 121–138
Crawford, J. M., Curtis, D. R., Voorhoeve, P. E. and Wilson, V.J. (1966). ‘Acetylcholine sensitivity of cerebellar neurones in the cat’, J. Physiol., Lond., 186, 139–165
Crossman, A. R., El-Khawad, A. O. A., Walker, R. J. and Woodruff, G. N. (1973). ‘Effects of ergometrine on dopamine receptors’, J. Physiol., Lond., 232, 59P
Curtis, D. R. and Davis, R. (1962). ‘Pharmacological studies upon neurones of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat’, Br. J. Pharmac., 18, 217–246
Curtis, D. R. and Davis, R. (1963). ‘The excitation of lateral geniculate neurones by quaternary ammonium derivatives’, J. Physiol., Lond., 165, 62–82
Curtis, D. R. and de Groat, W. C. (1968). ‘Tetanus toxin and spinal inhibition’, Brain Res., 10, 208–212
Curtis, D. R., Duggan, A. W., Felix, D. and Johnston, G. A. R. (1971a). ‘Bicuculline, an antagonist of GABA and synaptic inhibition in the spinal cord’, Brain Res., 32, 69–96
Curtis, D. R., Duggan, A. W., Felix, D., Johnston, G. A. R., TebCcis, A. K. and Watkins, J. C. (1972). ‘Excitation of mammalian central neurones by acidic amino acids’, Brain Res., 41, 283–301
Curtis, D. R., Duggan, A. W. and Johnston, G. A. R. (1970). ‘The inactivation of extracellularly administered amino acids in the feline spinal cord’, Expl Brain Res., 10, 447–462
Curtis, D. R., Duggan, A. W. and Johnston, G. A. R. (1971b). ‘The specificity of strychnine as a glycine antagonist in the mammalian spinal cord’, Expl Brain Res., 12, 547–565
Curtis, D. R. and Eccles, R. M. (1958). ‘The effect of diffusional barriers upon the pharmacology of cells within the central nervous system’, J. Physiol., Lond., 141, 446–463
Curtis, D. R., Felix, D., Game, C. J. A. and McCulloch, R. M. (1973a). ‘Tetanus toxin and the synaptic release of GABA. Brain Res., 51, 358–362
Curtis, D. R., Game, C. J. A., Johnston, G. A. R. and McCulloch, R. M. (1974a). ‘Central effects of ß-(p-chlorophenyl)-y-aminobutyric acid’, Brain Res., 70, 493–499
Curtis, D. R., Game, C. J. A. and McCulloch, R. M. (1974b). ‘Antagonism of inhibitory amino acid action by tubocurarine’, Br. J. Pharmac., 52, 101–103
Curtis, D. R., Hösli, L. and Johnston, G. A. R. (1968). ‘A pharmacological study of the depression of spinal neurones by glycine and related amino acids’, Expl Brain Res., 6, 1–18
Curtis, D. R. and Johnston, G. A. R. (1974a). ‘Amino acid transmitters in the mammalian central nervous system’, Ergebn. Physiol., 69, 98–188
Curtis, D. R. and Johnston, G. A. R. (1974b). ‘Convulsant alkaloids’. in Neuropoisons, Vol. 2 (Simpson, L. L. and Curtis, D. R., Eds.) 207–248, Plenum Press, New York
Curtis, D. R., Johnston, G. A. R., Game, C. J. A. and McCulloch, R. M. (1973b). ‘Antagonism of neuronal excitation by 1-hydroxy-3-aminopyrrolidone-2’, Brain Res., 49, 467–470
Curtis, D. R., Johnston, G. A. R., Game, C. J. A. and McCulloch R. M. (1974c). ‘Central action of bicuculline’, J. Neurochem., 23, 605–606
Curtis, D. R., Perrin, D. D. and Watkins, J. C. (1960). ‘The excitation of spinal neurones by the ionophoretic application of agents which chelate calcium’, J. Neurochem., 6, 1–20
Curtis, D. R. and Phillis, J. W. (1960). ‘The action of procaine and atropine on spinal neurones’, J. Physiol., Lond., 153, 17–34
Curtis, D. R., Phillis, J. W. and Watkins, J. C. (1961). ‘Cholinergic and non-cholinergic transmission in the mammalian spinal cord’, J. Physiol., Lond., 158, 296–323
Curtis, D. R. and Ryall, R. W. (1963). ‘Central actions of psychotomimetics’, Nature, 199, 1003–1004
Curtis, D. R. and Ryall, R. W. (1966a). ‘The acetylcholine receptors of Renshaw cells’, Expl Brain Res., 2, 66–80
Curtis, D. R. and Ryall, R. W. (1966b). ‘The synaptic excitation of Renshaw cells’, Exp Brain Res., 2, 81–96
Curtis, D. R. and Watkins, J. C. (1960). ‘The excitation and depression of spinal neurones by structurally related amino acids’, J. Neurochem., 6, 117–141
Curtis, D. R. and Watkins, J. C. (1965). ‘The pharmacology of amino acids related to gammaaminobutyric acid’, Pharmac. Rev., 17, 347–392
Davidoff, R. A., Aprison, M. H. and Werman, R. (1969). ‘The effects of strychnine on the inhibition of interneurons by glycine and y-aminobutyric acid’, Int. J. Neuropharmac., 8, 191–194
Davidoff, R. A., Silvey, G. E., Kobetz, S. A. and Spira, H. M. (1973). ‘N-Methyl bicuculline and primary afferent depolarization’, Expl Neurol., 38, 525–528
Davies, J. and Watkins, J. C. (1973). ‘Microelectrophoretic studies on the depressant action of HA-966 on chemically and synaptically-excited neurones in the cat cerebral cortex and cuneate nucleus’, Brain Res., 59, 311–322
Davies, J. and Watkins, J. C. (1974). The action of ß-phenyl-GABA derivatives on neurones of the cat cerebral cortex’, Brain Res., 70, 501–505
Duggan, A. W. (1974). The differential sensitivity to L-glutamate and L-aspartate of spinal inter-neurones and Renshaw cells’, Expl Brain Res., 19, 522–528
Duggan, A. W., Lodge, D., Biscoe, T. J. and Headley, P. M. (1973). ‘Effect of nuciferine on the chemical excitation of Renshaw cells in the rat’, Archs int. Pharmacodyn. Ther., 204, 147–149
Eccles, J. C., Fatt, P. and Koketsu, K. (1954). ‘Cholinergic and inhibitory synapses in a pathway from motor-axon collaterals to motoneurones’, J. Physiol., Land., 126, 524–562
Eisenstadt, M., Goldman, J. E., Kandel, E. R., Koike, H., Koester, J. and Schwartz, J. H. (1973). ‘Intrasomatic injection of radioactive precursors for studying transmitter synthesis in identified neurons of Aplysia californica’, Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 70, 3371–3375
Fedinec, A. A. and Shank, R. P. (1971). ‘Effect of tetanus toxin on the content of glycine, gammaaminobutyric acid, glutamate, glutamine and aspartate in the rat spinal cord’, J. Neurochem., 18, 2229–2234
Felix, D. and Künzle, H. (1974). ‘Iontophoretic and autoradiographic studies on the role of proline in nervous transmission’, Pfliigers Arch. ges. Physiol., 350, 135–144
Feltz, P. and de Champlain, J. (1972). ‘Enhanced sensitivity of caudate neurones to microion_ tophoretic injections of dopamine in 6-hydroxydopamine treated cats’, Brain Res., 43, 601–605
Godfraind, J. M. and Pumain, R. (1971). ‘Cyclic adenosine monophosphate and norepinephrine: effect on Purkinje cells in rat cerebellar cortex’, Science, 174, 1257–1258
Gonzalez-Vegas, J. A. (1971). ‘Antagonism of catecholamine inhibition of brain stem neurones by mescaline’, Brain Res., 35, 264–267
Gonzalez-Vegas, J. A. (1972). ‘Actions of papaverine and bulbocapnine on synaptic transmission in the nigro-striatal pathway in the rat’, J. Physiol., Land., 226, 102P
Gonzalez-Vegas, J. A. and Wolstencroft, J. H. (1971). ‘Antagonism of noradrenaline and dopamine inhibition of brainstem neurones by bulbocapnine’, J. Physiol., Lond., 214, 16–17 P
Gottesfeld, Z., Kelly, J. S. and Renaud, L. P. (1972). ‘The in vivo neuropharmacology of aminooxyacetic acid in the cerebral cortex of the cat’, Brain Res., 42, 319–335
Gushchin, I. S., Kozhechkin, S. N. and Sverdlov, Yu. S. (1969). ‘On the presynaptic nature of the suppression of postsynaptic inhibition by tetanus toxin’, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 187, 685–688
Haigler, H. J. and Aghajanian, G. K. (1974). ‘Lysergic acid diethylamide and serotonin: a comparison of effects on serotonergic neurons and neurons receiving a serotonergic input’, J. Pharmac., 188, 688–699
Haldeman, S., Huffman, R. D., Marshall, K. C. and McLennan, H. (1972). ‘The antagonism of the glutamate-induced and synaptic excitation of thalamic neurones’, Brain Res., 39, 419–425
Haldeman, S. and McLennan, H. (1972). ‘The antagonistic action of glutamic acid diethylester towards amino acid-induced and synaptic excitations of central neurones’, Brain Res., 45, 393–400
Hill, R. G. and Simmonds, M. A. (1973). A method for comparing the potencies of y-aminobutyric acid antagonists on single cortical neurones using micro-iontophoretic techniques’, Br. J. Pharmac., 48, 1–11
Hill, R. G., Simmonds, M. A. and Straughan, D. W. (1973). ‘A comparative study of some convulsant substances as y-aminobutyric acid antagonists in the feline cerebral cortex’, Br. J. Pharmac., 49, 37–51
Hill, R. G., Simmonds, M. A. and Straughan, D. W. (1974). ‘Effects on synaptic inhibition in the cuneate nucleus produced by steroisomers of bicuculline methochloride’, J. Physiol., Lond., 239, 122P
Hoffer, B. J., Siggins, G. R. and Bloom, F. E. (1971). ‘Studies on norepinephrine-containing afferents to Purkinje cells of rat cerebellum. II. Sensitivity of Purkinje cells to norepinephrine and related substances administered by rnicroiontophoresis’, Brain Res., 25, 523–534
Hoffer, B. J., Siggins, G. R., Oliver, A. P. and Bloom, F. E. (1973). ‘Activation of the pathway from locus coeruleus to rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons: pharmacological evidence of nor-adrenergic central inhibition’, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 184, 553–569
Hökfelt, T. and Ungerstedt, U. (1973). ‘Specificity of 6-hydroxydopamine induced degeneration of central monomine neurones: an electron and fluorescence microscopic study with special reference to intracerebral injection on the nigro-striatal dopamine system’, Brain Res., 60, 269–297
Iversen, L. L. and Johnston, G. A. R. (1971). ‘GABA uptake in rat central nervous system: comparison of uptake in slices and homogenates and the effects of some inhibitors’, J. Neurochem., 18, 1939–1950
Johnson, E. S., Roberts, M. H. T. and Straughan, D. W. (1970). Amino-acid induced depression of cortical neurones. Br. J. Pharmac’, 38, 659–666
Johnston, G. A. R. and Balcar, V. J. (1974). ‘Amino-oxyacetic acid: a relatively non-specific inhibitor of uptake of amino acids and amines by brain and spinal cord’, J. Neurochem., 22, 609–610
Johnston, G. A. R., Beart, P. M., Curtis, D. R., Game, C. J. A., McCulloch, R. M. and Maclachlan, R. M. (1972). ‘Bicuculline methochloride as a GABA antagonist’, Nature new Biol., 240, 219–220
Johnston, G. A. R. and Curtis, D. R. (1973). ‘Configuration of bicuculline, a GABA antagonist’,. Nature new Biol., 246, 190
Johnston, G. A. R., Curtis, D. R., Davies, J. and McCulloch, R. M. (1974). ‘Spinal interneurone excitation by conformationally restricted analogues of L-glutamic acid’, Nature, 248, 804
Johnston, G. A. R., de Groat, W. C. and Curtis, D. R. (1969). ‘Tetanus toxin and amino acid levels in cat spinal cord, J. Neurochem., 16, 797–800
Jordan, L. M., Frederickson, R. C. A., Phillis, J. W. and Lake, N. (1972). ‘Microelectrophoresis of 5-hydroxytryptamine: a clarification of its action on cerebral cortical neurones’, Brain Res., 40, 552–558
Jordan, L. M. and Phillis, J. W. (1972). ‘Acetylcholine inhibition in the intact and chronically isolated cerebral cortex’, Br. J. Pharmac., 45, 584–595
Kaeser, H. E. and Saner, A. (1970). ‘The effect of tetanus toxin on neuromuscular transmission’, Eur. Neurol., 3, 193–205
Kato, G. and Somjen, G. G. (1969). ‘Effects of micro-iontophoretic administration of magnesium and calcium on neurones in the central nervous system of cats’, J. Neurobiol., 1, 181–195
Kebabian, J. W., Petzold, G. L. and Greengard, P. (1972). ‘Dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in caudate nucleus of rat brain, and its similarity to the “dopamine receptor”’, Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 69, 2145–2149
Kelly, J. S., Krnjevie, K and Somjen, G. (1969). ‘Divalent cations and electrical properties of cortical cells’, J. Neurobiol., 1, 197–208
Koike, H. Kandel, E. R. and Schwartz, J. H. (1974). ‘Synaptic release of radioactivity after intrasomatic injection of choline 3H into an identified cholinergic interneurone in abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica’, J. Neurophysiol., 37 815–827
Krnjevié, K. and Lisiewicz, A. (1972). ‘Injections of calcium ions into spinal motoneurones’, J. Physiol., Lond., 225, 363–390
Krnjevié, K. and Phillis, J. W. (1963). ‘Pharmacological properties of acetylcholine-sensitive cells in the cerebral cortex, J. Physiol., Lond., 166, 328–350
Krnjevié, K., Pumain, R. and Renaud, L. (1971). ‘The mechanism of excitation by acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex’, J. Physiol., Lond., 215, 247–268
Krogsgaard-Larsen, P. and Johnston, G. A. R. (1975). ‘Inhibition of GABA uptake in rat brain slices by nipecotic acid, various isoxazoles and related compounds’, J. Neurochem., (in the press)
Lake, N. and Jordon, L. (1974). ‘Failure to confirm cyclic AMP as second messenger for norepine-phrine in rat cerebellum’, Science, 183, 663–664
Lake, N., Jordan, L. M. and Phillis, J. W. (1973). ‘Evidence against cyclic adenosine 3’, 5’-monophosphate (AMP) mediation of noradrenaline depression of cerebral cortical neurones’, Brain Res., 60, 411–421
Logan, W. J. and Snyder, S. H. (1972). ‘High affinity uptake systems for glycine, glutamic and aspartic acids in synaptosomes of rat central nervous tissue’, Brain Res., 42, 413–431
Marshall, K. C. and McLennan, H. (1972). ‘The synaptic activation of neurones of the feline ventrolateral thalamic nucleus: possible cholinergic mechanisms’, Expl Brain Res., 15, 472–483
McCance, I. and Phillis, J. W. (1968). ‘Cholinergic mechanisms in the cerebellar cortex’, Int. J. Neuropharmac., 7, 447–462
McCance, I., Phillis, J. W., Tebécis, A. K. and Westerman, R. A. (1968). The pharmacology of acetylcholine-excitation of thalamic neurones’, Br. J. Pharmac., 32, 652–662
McCulloch, R. M., Game, C. J. A., Johnston, G. A. R. and Curtis, D. R. (1974). ‘Relative sensitivity of central neurones to kainic and N-methyl-n-aspartic acids’, Proc. Aust. Physiol. Pharmac. Soc., 5, 93–94
McLennan, H., Huffman, R. D. and Marshall, K. C. (1968). ‘Patterns of excitation of thalamic neurones by amino-acids and by acetylcholine’, Nature, 219, 387–388
McLennan, H. and York, D. H. (1967). ‘The action of dopamine on neurones of the caudate nucleus’, J. Physiol. Lond., 189, 393–402
Meister, A., Ronzio, R. A., Rowe, W. B., Gass, J. D. and Rao, L. N. (1971). ‘Mechanism of inhibition of glutamine synthetase by methionine sulphoximine’, in A Symposium on Mechanisms of Toxicity (Aldrige, W. N. Ed.) 43–63, Macmillan, London
Mellanby, J. and Thompson, P. A. (1972). ‘The effect of tetanus toxin at the neuromuscular junction in the goldfish’, J. Physiol., Lond., 224, 407–419
Miller, R. J. and Hiley, C. R. (1974). ‘Anti-muscarinic properties of neuroleptics and drug-induced Parkinsonism’, Nature, 248, 596–597
Monachon, M. A., Burkard, W. P., Jalfre, M. and Haefely, W. (1972). ‘Blockade of central 5-hydrotryptamine receptors by methiothepin’, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmac., 274, 192–197
Nahorski, S. R., Rogers, K. H. and Binns, J. (1973). ‘Cerebral phosphodiesterase and the dopamine receptor’, J. Pharm. Pharmac., 25, 912–913
Osborne, R. H., Bradford, H. F. and Jones, D. G. (1973). ‘Patterns of amino acid release from nerve-endings isolated from spinal cord and medulla’, J. Neurochem., 21, 407–419
Phillis, J. W. (1971). ‘The pharmacology of thalamic and geniculate neurones’, Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 14, 1–48
Phillis, J. W. (1974). ‘The role of calcium in the central effects of biogenic amines’, Life Sci., 14, 1189–1201
Phillis, J. W. and York, D. H. (1967). ‘Strychnine block of neural and drug-induced inhibition in the cerebral cortex’, Nature, 216, 922–923
Quastel, D. M. J. and Curtis, D. R. (1965). ‘A central action of hemicholinium’, Nature, 208, 192–194
Segal, M. and Bloom, F. E. (1974a). ‘The action of norepinephrine in the rat hippocampus. I. Iontophoretic studies’, Brain Res., 69, 79–97
Segal, M. and Bloom, F. E. (1974b). ‘The action of norepinephrine in the rat hippocampus. II. Activation of the input pathway’, Brain Res., 72, 99–114
Semba, T. and Kano, M. (1969). ‘Glycine in the spinal cord of cats with local tetanus rigidity’, Science, 164, 571–572
Shank, R. P., Pong, S. F., Freeman, A. R. and Graham, L. T. Jr. (1974). ‘Bicuculline and picrotoxin as antagonists of y-aminobutyrate and neuromuscular inhibition in the lobster’, Brain Res., 72, 71–78
Siggins, G. R., Hoffer, B. J. and Bloom, F. E. (1971a). ‘Studies on norepinephrine-containing afferents to Purkinje cells of rat cerebellum. III. Evidence for mediation of norepinephrine effects by cyclic, 5’-adenosine monophosphate’, Brain Res., 25, 535–553
Siggings, G., Hoffer, B. and Bloom, F. (1971b). ‘Prostaglandin–norepinephrine interactions in brain: microelectrophoretic and histochemical correlates’, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 180, 302–319
Simmonds, M. A. (1974). ‘Quantitative evaluation of response to microelectrophoretically applied drugs’, Neuropharmacology, 13, 401–406
Smythies, J. R. (1971). ‘The chemical anatomy of synaptic mechanisms: receptors’, Int. Rev..Neurobiol. 14 233–331
Smythies, J. R. (1974). ‘Relationships between chemical structure and biological activity, with particular reference to convulsant drugs and the GABA and glycine receptors’, A. Rev. Pharmac., 14, 9–21
Snodgrass, S. R. and Iversen, L. L. (1973). ‘Effects of amino-oxyacetic acid on [3H] GABA uptake by rat brain slices’, J. Neurochem., 20, 431–439
Snyder, S. H., Young, A. B., Bennett, J. P. and Mulder, A. H. (1973). ‘The synaptic biochemistry of amino acids’, Fedn Proc. Fedn Am. Socs exp. Biol., 32, 2039–2047
Spehlmann, R. (1971). ‘Acetylcholine and the synaptic transmission of non-specific impulses to the visual cortex’, Brain, 94, 139–150
Spehlmann, R. and Smathers, C. C. (1974). ‘The effects of acetylcholine on the sensorimotor cortex of cats. II. Comparison of the neuronal responses to reticular and other stimuli’, Brain Res., 74, 243–253
Steinberg, R., Altmann, H. and Bruggencate, G. ten. (1974). ‘Actions of iontophoretically applied dicarboxylic amino acids and postulated blockers in the red nucleus’, Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol., 347, R55
Steiner, F. A. (1969). ‘L-Glutamic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid and pyridoxal-5’-phosphate at the level of the single unit in rat brain’, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 166, Art. 1, 199–209
Stone, T. W. (1972). ‘Cholinergic mechanisms in the rat somatosensory cerebral cortex’, J. Physiol., Lond., 225, 485–499
Stone, T. W. (1973). ‘Cortical pyramidal tract interneurones and their sensitivity to L-glutamic acid’, J. Physiol., Lond., 233, 211–225
Svenneby, G. and Roberts, E. (1973). ‘Bicuculline and N-methylbicuculline—competitive inhibitors of brain acetylcholinesterase’, J. Neurochem., 21, 1025–1026
Tebécis, A. K. (1972a). ‘Antagonism of 5-hydroxytryptamine by methiothepin shown in microelectrophoretic studies of neurones in the lateral geniculate nucleus’, Nature new Biol., 238, 63–64
Tebécis, A. K. (1972b). ‘Cholinergic and non-cholinergic transmission in the medial geniculate nucleus of the cat’, J. Physiol., Lond., 226, 153–172
Tebécis, A. K. and Di Maria, A. (1972). ‘A re-evaluation of the mode of action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on lateral geniculate neurones: comparison with catecholamines and LSD’, Expl Brain Res., 14, 480–493
Thoenen, H. and Tranzer, J. P. (1973). ‘The pharmacology of 6-hydroxydopamine’, A. Rev. Pharmac., 13 169–180
Van Harreveld, A. and Fifkova, E. (1973). ‘Effects of amino acids on the isolated chicken retina, and on its response to glutamate stimulation’, J. Neurochem., 20, 947–962
Van Heyningen, W. E. and Mellanby, J. (1971). ‘Tetanus Toxin. in Microbial Toxins Vol. IIA, Bacterial Protein Toxins (Kadis, S., Monde, T. C. and Aje, S. J., Eds.) 69–108 Pergamon Press, New York
Yarbrough, G. G., Lake, N. and Phillis, J. W. (1974). ‘Calcium antagonism and its effect on the inhibitory actions of biogenic amines on cerebral cortical neurones’, Brain Res., 67, 77–88
York, D. H. (1972). ‘Dopamine receptor blockade—a central action of chlorpromazine on striatal neurones’, Brain Res., 37, 91–99
Zieglgänsberger, W. and Puil, E. A. (1973). ‘Intracellular investigations on the effect of microelectrophoretically applied glutamate antagonists upon spinal neurones of the cat’, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmac., 277, R89
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1976 The Contributors
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Curtis, D.R. (1976). The use of transmitter antagonists in microelectrophoretic investigations of central synaptic transmission. In: Bradley, P.B., Dhawan, B.N. (eds) Drugs and Central Synaptic Transmission. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-01247-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-01247-3_2
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-01249-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-01247-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)