Abstract
Quantitative flame photometry was first developed by Lundegårdh [1] in 1928–30, in conjunction with his plant-physiological investigations. He required rapid methods for the determination of various elements, e.g., potassium, in order to investigate their absorption as plant nutrients from the soil. Lundegårdh was also the first to apply his quantitative methods to medical questions. The development of the first commercial flame photometer by Zeiss (Waibel [2]) was stimulated by the demands of agricultural biology. The early development of flame-photometric methods in the USA by Barnes [3] was due to the requirements of military medicine in the last World War, when it was found necessary to determine rapidly the concentration of certain elements in the blood or serum of wounded soldiers, so that threats to the life of the patients could be quickly diagnosed and adequately treated.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Lundegardh, H., Die quantitative Spektralanalyse der Elemente, Bd. I: Ihre Anwendung auf biologische, agrikulturchemische und mineralogische Aufgaben. Bd. II: Methodische Verbesserungen und praktische Ausführung von Analysen in den Gebieten der Biologie, Medizin, Agriculturchemie und des Bergbaues, G. Fischer, Jena 1929 and 1934.
Waibel, F., Über optische Methoden zur Untersuchung des Ackerbodens, Z. f. techn. Physik 19, 394 (1938).
Barnes, R. B., D. Richardson, J. W. Berry, and R. L. Hood, Flame photometry, a rapid analytical procedure, Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. 17, 605 (1945).
Alkemade, C. T. J. and J. M. W. Milatz, Double-beam method of spectral selection with flames, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 45, 583 (1955).
Walsh, A., The application of atomic absorption spectra to chemical analysis, Spectrochim. Acta 7, 108 (1955).
Winefordner, J. D. and T. J. Vickers, Atomic fluorescence spectrometry as a means of chemical analysis, Anal. Chem. 36, 161 (1964).
Herrmann, T., Neuere Entwicklungen der flammenphotometrischen Analysenverfahren, Z. f. analytische Chemie 212, 1 (1965).
Gilbert, P.T., JR., New horizons in flame spectrophotometry, The Analyzer II, No. I Jan. 1961, p. 3.
Mavrodineanu, R. and H. Boiteux, Flame Spectroscopy, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York 1965.
Alkemade, C. T. J., A contribution to the development and understanding of flame photometry, Diss., Utrecht 1954.
Winefordner, J. D., T. Vickers and L. Remington, Calculation of concentration corresponding to the point of intersection of high and low concentration segments of analytical curves in atomic emission flame spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 37, 1216 (1965).
Puschel, A. and S. Eckhard, Organische Lösungsmittel in der Flammenspektrometrie, Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 30, 731 (1959).
Jarrell-Ash, Multi-element approaches in atomic absorption-spectroscopy, Jarrell-Ash research bull. No. 101 (1967).
Wacker, W. E. C., C. Iida, and K. Fuwa, Accuracy of determination of serum magnesium by flame emission and atomic absorption spectrometry, Nature 202, (4933) 659 (1964).
Lang, W., Zur flammenspektrophotometrischen Absorptionsmessung nach der AIs-Methode, Zeitschrift f. anal. Chemie 217, 161 (1966).
Koirtyohann, S. R. and E. E. Pickett, Spectral interferences in atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 38, 585 (1966).
Allos, M. D. and J. B. Willis, Use of high-temperature pre-mixed flames in atomic absorption spectroscopy, Spectrochim. Acta 22, 1325 (1966).
Bowman, J. A. and J. B. Willis, Some applications of the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame in chemical analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 39, 1210 (1967).
Slavin, W., Recent developments in analytical atomic absorption spectroscopy, Atom. Abs. Newsl. 5, 42 (1966).
Filcek, M., Die Ausschaltung des Phosphateinflusses bei der flammenphotometrischen Calciumbestimmung, Z. f. Pflanzenernährung, Düngung, Bodenkunde 85, 112 (1959).
Herrmann, R. and C. T. J. Alkemade, Flame Photometry, Chemical Analysis, Vol. 14, Transl. by Paul T. Gilbert, Jr., Interscience Publishers, New York-London 1963.
Fukushima, S., Mechanism and elimination of interferences in flame photometry, Mikrochim. Acta 1960, 332.
Foster, W. H. and D. N. Hume, Mutual cation interference effects in flame photometry, Anal. Chem. 31, 2033 (1969).
Farley, K. R. and H. E. Peterson, Determination of cesium and rubidium by flame photometry, U. S. Bur. Mines, Rept. Invest. No. 6820, 19 pp (1966).
Luken, H. F., J. S. Teal and E. Eisenberg, Flame spectrophotometry of calcium with reversed oxyacetylene flame. Anal. Chem. 35, 875 (1963).
Mason, J. L., Flame photometric determination of potassium in unashed plant leaves, Anal. Chem. 35, 874 (1963).
Gilbert, P. T. JR., Direct flame photometric analysis of powdered materials, Anal. Chem. 34, 1025 (1962).
Herrmann, R., W. Knoth and W. MeyhÖFer, Atomabsorptionsspektrophotometrische Untersuchungen des Magnesium- und Zinkgehaltes im Hoden- und Prostata-Gewebe, sowie Spermaplasma des Menschen, 13. Intern. Dermatologenkongress München 3. 8. 67.
Tipton, I. and M. Coox, Trace elements in human tissue. Part II. Adult subjects from the United States, Health Physics 9, 103 (1963).
Herrmann, R. and W. Rick, Probleme der flammenphotometrischen Serum-Analysen, Acta Geologica et Geographica Universitatis Comenianae Geoligica Nr. 6, 507 (1959).
Winefordner, J. D., C. T. Mansfield and T. I. Vickers, Atomization efficiency of total consumption. Atomizer-burners in flame photometry, Anal. Chem. 35, 1607 (1963).
Winefordner, J. D. and H. W. Latz, Quantitative study of factors influencing sample flow rate in flame photometry, Anal. Chem. 33, 1727 (1961).
Alkemade, C. T. J. and M. E. G. Jeuken, Zur Frage des Aluminiumeinflusses auf die Calciumemission in der Flamme, Z. f. analyt. Chem. 158, 401 (1957).
Alkemade, C. T. J. and M. H. Voorhuis, Zur Frage des Phosphoreinflusses auf die Calcium-emission in der Flamme, Z. anal. Chemie 163, 91 (1958).
Schuhknecht, W. and H. Schinkel, Beitrag zur Deutung von Verdampfungs-, Zersetzungsund Anregungsvorgängen in Flammen, Z. anal. Chemie 162, 266 (1958).
Alkemade, C. T. J., J. Smit and J. C. M. Verschure, A further contribution to the development of the flame photometric determination of sodium and potassium in blood serum, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 8, 562 (1952).
Alkemade, C. T. J., Effects of ionization in an air-acetylene flame. Physica 18, 933 (1952).
Davis, S., A flame photometric method for the determination of plasma magnesium after hydroxyquinoline precipitation, J. of Biol. Chemistry 216, 643 (1955).
Ebert, K., Flammenphotometrische Bestimmung von Calcium in Pflanzenaschen, Z. f. Landwirschftl. Versuchs- und Untersuchungswesen 10, 329 (1964).
Fawcett, J. K. and V. Wynn, The determination of magnesium in biological materials by flame photometry, J. Clin. Path. 14, 403 (1961).
Fawcett, J. K. and V. Wynn, A new principle applied to the determination of calcium in biological materials by flame photometry, J. Clin. Path. 14, 463 (1961).
Funder, J. and J. W. Wieth, Determination of sodium, potassium and water in human red blood cells, Scand. J. Clin. a. Lab. Investig. 18, 151–166 (1966).
Geyer, R. P. and E. J. Bowie, The direct microdetermination of tissue calcium by flame photometry, Anal. Biochemistry 2, 360 (1961).
Haussler, A. and P. HaidÛ, Wissenswertes für die pharmazeutische Praxis. Die flammen-photometrische Bestimmung von Natrium, Kalium und Calcium in Serum und Harn unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der hauptsächlichen Störungen. Mitt. dtsch. pharmaz. Ges. 29. Jahrg. (1959) Nr. 5, 73, Sond. aus: Archiv der Pharmazie, 292./64. Band.
Heeney, H. B., G. M. Ward and A. F. Willson, A method for eliminating interference from phosphorus in the flame spectrophotometric determination of calcium, Analyst 87, 49 (1962).
Jones, J. G. and J. D. R. Thomas, Flame spectrophotometric determination of calcium in human saliva, Analyst 91, 559 (1966).
Koval, Yu. F., Flame photometric determination of cesium in urine, Lab. Delo 1966 (4), 213.
Macintyre, I., The flame spectrophotometric determination of Ca in biological fluids and an isotopic analysis of the errors in the Kramer-Tisdall procedure, Biochemical Journal 67, 164 (1957).
Mclean, A. A., Evaluation of flame photometric determination of magnesium in plant material, Can. J. of Plant Science 44, 520 (1964).
Menis, O. and T. C. Rains, Extraction and flame photometric determination of iron, Anal. Chem. 32, 1837 (1960).
Newman, G. E. and M. Ryan, The determination of copper in biological materials by flame spectrophotometry, J. Clin. Path. 15, 181 (1962).
Quellmalz, E., Die Bestimmung der Pflanzennährstoffe im Ammoniumlaktatessigsäureextrakt unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Flammenphotometrie, Dissert. Karlsruhe 1960.
Rains, T. C., H. E. Zittel and M. Ferguson, Flame spectrophotometric determination of micro concentrations of strontium in calcareous material, Anal. Chem. 34, 778 (1962).
Rains, T. C., H. E. Zittel and M. Ferguson, Elimination of anionic interferences in the flame spectrophotometric determination of calcium. Use of glycerol as a releasing agent, Talanta 10, 367 (1963).
Rick, W. and R. Herrmann, Probleme bei flammenphotometrischen Serum-Calcium-Analysen mit Hilfe der Wasserstoff-Sauerstoff-Flamme, Zeitschrift für die ges. exper. Med. 136, 221 (1962).
Schmid, A. and K. Zipf, Zur flarnmenphotometrischen Bestimmung von Calcium und Strontium in Knochen, Biochem. Z. 331, 144 (1959).
Schmidt, W., Eine genaue flammenspektrometrische Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Magnesium in Blutserum und Vollblut, Das. ärztl. Laborat. 6, 206 (1960).
Toribara, T. Y., Some analytical problems associated with the study of calcium metabolism, Record of chem. Progr. 19, 63 (1958).
Warren, R. L., The determination of copper and magnesium in blood serum by high-resolution flame spectrophotometry, Analyst 90, 549 (1965).
Butler, L. R. P. and P. M. Mathews, Determination of trace quantities of Mo by atomic absorption spectroscopy, Anal. Chim. Acta 36, 319 (1966).
David, D. J., Determination of strontium in biological materials and exchangeable strontium in soils by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry, Analyst 87, 576 (1962).
Fuwa, K., P. Pulido, R. Mckay, and B. L. Vallee, Determination of zinc in biological materials by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Anal. Chem. 36, 2407 (1964).
Gudzinowicz, B. J. and V. J. Luciano, Analysis of organometallic fungicides and related compounds by atomic absorption spectroscopy, Research Department, Jarrell-Ash Co. Waltham, Mass. 1965.
Hanig, R. C. and M. H. Aprison, Determination of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in rabbit caudate nuclei by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Life Science 4, 945 (1965).
Herrmann, R., W. Lang and D. Stamm, Hämoglobinbestimmung durch absorptionsflammenspektrophotometrische Eisenanalyse (Atomabsorption im Gesamtblut), Blut XI, 135 (1965).
Herrmann, R., Grundlagen und Anwendungen der Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie in Flammen, Z. klin. Chem. 3, 178 (1965).
Hinson, W. H., An ion exchange treatment of plant as extracts for removal of interfering anions in the determination of calcium by atomic absorption, Spectrochim. Acta 18, 427 (1962).
Newburn, E., Application of atomic absorption spectroscopy to the determination of calcium in saliva, Nature 192, 1182 (1961).
Parker, H. E., Magnesium, calcium and zinc in animal nutrition, At. Abs. Newsl. 13, 1–7 (1963).
Perkin-Elmer, Recovery of calcium, magnesium and zinc in biological materials, At. Abs. Newsl. 11, (1963).
Perkin-Elmer, Calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in bone ash, At. Abs. Newsl. 11 (1963).
Prasad, A. S., D. Oberleas and J. A. Halsted, Determination of zinc in biological fluids by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 66, 508 (1965).
Rodgerson, D. O. and R. E. Helfer, Determination of iron in serum or plasma by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Clin. Chem. 12, 338 (1966).
Rousselet, F. and M. L. Girard, Intérêt de la spectrophotométrie de flamme par absorption atomique pour le microdosage couplé du cuivre et du zinc dans les mileux biologiques, Comptes rendus de l’Accadémie des Sciences 260, 3780 (1965).
Slavin, W. and S. Sprague, The determination of trace metals in blood and urine by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, At. Abs. Newsl. 17, (1964).
Sprague, S. and W. Slavin, Determination of FE, Cu and Zn in blood serum by an atomic absorption method requiring only dilution, At. Abs. Newsl. 4, 228 (1965).
Stewart, W. K., F. Hutchinson and L. W. Fleming, The estimation of magnesium in serum and urine by atomic absorpt. spectrophotometry, J. Laboratory and Clin. Medicine 61, 858 (1963).
Trent, D. and W. Slavin, Factors in the determination of strontium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with particular reference to ashed biological samples, At. Abs. Newsl. 22, (1964).
Williams, C. H., D. J. David and O. Iismaa, The determination of chromic oxide in feces samples by atomic abs. spectrophot. J. Agr. Sci. 59, 381 (1962).
Willis, J. B., Determination of calcium and magnesium in urine by atomic absorption spectroscopy, Anal. Chem. 33, 556 (1961).
Willis, J. B., The analysis of biological materials by atomic absorption spectroscopy, Clin. Chem. 11, 251 (1965).
Zettner, A. and D. Seligson, Application of atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the determination of calcium in serum, Clin. Chem. 10, 869 (1964).
Alcock, N. W. and I. Macintvre, Methods for estimating magnesium in biological materials, Methods Biochem. Anal. 14, 1 (1966).
Hamilton, P. B., Biochemical analysis, Anal. Chem. 38, 19 R (1966).
Herrmann, R. and K. RÖtger, Plasmabogen für klinisch-chemische Analysen, Z. f. klin. Chemie 4, 217 (1966).
Lundegardh, H., Die Blattanalyse. Die wissenschaftl. und prakt. Grundlagen einer pflanzenphysiologischen Methode der Bestimmung des Düngerbedürfnisses des Bodens, Jena: Gustav Fischer (1945).
Teloh, H. A., Clinical Flame Photometry, Charles C. Thomas Publ. Springfield Ill. 1959.
Gilbert, P. T., JR., R. C. Havas and A. O. Beckman, Beckman flame spectrophotometer, Anal. Chem. 22, 772 (1950).
Gilbert, P. T., JR., Flame Photometry - New Precision in Elemental Analysis, Industr. Laboratories Aug. 1952.
Gilbert, P. T., JR., Flame spectra of the elements, Beckman Instruments, Inc. Fullerton Calif. Bulletin 753 (1959).
Gilbert, P. T., JR., Analytical flame photometry: new developments, Symposium on Spectrosscopy, Oct. 1959. 3rd Pacific Area Nat. Meeting Amer. Soc. for Testing Materials (ASTM), San Francisco, Oct. 1959, ASTM Spec. Techn. Publ. No. 269, (1960) 73.
Gilbert, P. T., JR., Flame photometry, less familiar elements, from: The Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy, G. L. Clark, p. 346, Reinhold Publ. Corp. New York 1960.
Gilbert, P. T., JR., Flame spectra of the elements (s. edit.) Beckman Bulletin 753-A (1961).
Gilbert, P. T., JR., Flame photometry, Table 6–41 Flame spectra of various emitting species, Handbook of Anal. Chemistry, Sec. 6, 197, New York 1963.
Merker, W. and R. Herrmann, Über eine Fehlerquelle bei der Calciumbestimmung im Serum, Ärzt. Wochenschr. 9, 1196 (1954).
Stamm, D. and R. Herrmann, Mikrolitermethode zur flammenphotometrischen Bestimmung von Natrium, Kalium und Calcium mit handelsüblichen Geräten, Z. f. klin. Chemie 3 (6) 193 (1965).
Baumann, R. and R. Herrmann, Mikroanalyse des Serumelektrolytgehaltes aus dem Capillarblut, Z. exp. Med. 120, 172 (1952).
Herrmann, R., Flammenphotometrische Ultramikroanalyse von Na, K und Ca im Serum, Z. f. d. ges. exp. Med. 122, 84 (1953).
Herrmann, R. and R. Baumann, . Med. 119, 487 (1952).
Baumann, R., R. Herrmann and R. Metzger, Über Fehler bei der Bestimmung der Elektrolyte NA, K. und Ca im menschl. Serum, Ärztl. Wschr. 1954, 202.
Kafka, J. und R. Herrmann, Über Fehler bei der Bestimmung der Elektrolyte NA, K und Ca im menschlichen Serum, Ärztl. Wschr. 1954, 547.
Baumann, R., S. Krause and R. Herrmann, Das Verhalten der Elektrolyte NA, K und CA im menschlichen Serum unter dem Einfluss des Dampfbades, Archiv. f. Physik. Therapie 4, 423 (1952).
Herrmann, R. and E. Heinke, Die Beeinflussung der K- und Ca-Konzentrationen im Serum durch künstliche Ozonisierung der Raumluft, Strahlentherapie 87, 473 (1952).
Stamm, D., Tagesschwankungen der Normalbereiche diagnostisch wichtiger Blutbestandteile, Kongressbericht Bd. 73 (1967), Internistenkongress Wiesbaden, April 1967.
Herrmann, R., Flammenphotometrie mit oder ohne Leitlinieneichung, Optik 12, 189 (1955).
Dinning, J. I., Releasing effects in flame photometry. Determination of Ca, Anal. Chem. 32, 1475 (1960).
YofÉ, J., R. Avni and M. Stiller, Elimination of phosphate interference in flame photometric determination of strontium and barium, Anal. Chim. Acta 28, 331 (1963).
Armentrout, D. N., Interference mechanism in analysis by flame spectrometry, Thesis, Cornell University, Sept. 1965, Ithaca, NY.
Honegger, N., Serum-Zink-Analysen mit Hilfe der Absorptions Flammenphotometrie, Das Ärztl. Laboratorium 1963, 41.
Herrmann, R. and W. Lang, Serum-Kupfer-Analysen mit Hilfe der Absorptions-Flammenphotometrie, Z. klin. Chem. 1, 182 (1963).
Van Fossan, D. D., E. E. Baird and G. S. Tekell, A simplified flame spectrophotometric method for estimation of magnesium in serum, J. Clin. Path. 31, 368 (1959).
Holt, A. B. and R. B. Eworr, A simplified method for determining plasma magnesium by flame spectrophotometry, Med. J. Australia 52, (2), 46 (1965).
Zhitkevich, V. F., A. J. Lyutyi, V. S. Rossikhin and J. L. Tsikora, Anomalous excitation of metals in flames and in the vapors of certain organic compounds, Optics and Spectroscopy 15, 217 (1963).
Elfers, L. A., P. F. Hallbach and R. J. Velten, Flame photometric determination of stable strontium in environmental media, Anal. Chem. 36, 540 (1964).
Shimp, N. F., J. Connor, A. L. Prince and F. E. Bear, Spectrochemical analysis of soils and biological materials, Soil Science 83, 51 (1957).
Middleton, G. and R. E. Stuckey, The preparation of biological material for the determination of trace metals, Analyst 78, 532 (1953).
Koepke, V. and G. Knof, A series of determinations of calcium and magnesium by the wet digestion of plant substances, First communication. Flame photometric determination of calcium. Albrecht-Thaer-Arch. 10 (7) 643 (1966).
Rooney, R. C., The determination of tin in beer, Analyst 88, 959 (1963).
Voth, J. L., Spectrographic method for determination of trace elements in milk, Anal. Chem. 35, 1957 (1963).
Dittel, FR., Verwendung des neuartigen Veraschungsgerätes “Low temperature Asher Lta 500” in der Spurenanalyse, Z. analyt. Chemie 228 (6) 432 (1967).
Gleit, C. E., High frequency electrodeless discharge system for ashing organic matter, Anal. Chem. 37, 314 (1965).
Grinberg, A. A., Einführung in die Chemie der Komplexverbindungen, VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin 1955.
Iwantsheff, G., Das Dithizon und seine Anwendung in der Mikro- und Spurenanalyse, Verlag Chemie GmbH, Weinheim 1958.
KortÜm, G. and H. Buchholz-Meisenheimer, Die Theorie der Destillation und Extraktion von Flüssigkeiten, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1952.
Ringbom, A., Complexation in Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Analysis Vol. 16. John Wiley and Sons, New York, London 1963.
Stary, J., The Solvent Extraction of Metal Chelates, Pergamon Press 1964.
Thorn, G. D. and R. A. Ludwig, The Dithiocarbamates and Related Components, Elsevier Publishing Co. 1962.
Feldman, C. and T. C. Rains, The collection and flame photometric determination of cesium, Anal. Chem. 36, 405 (1964).
Debras-GuÉdon, J. and I. Voinovitch, Analyse de minerals de fer par spectrophotométrie de flamme, Chim. analytique 43, 267 (1961).
Delas, J., Spectrophotométrie de flamme en milieu oxine application aux dosages du calcium et du magnesium dans les sols et les végétaux, Ann. agron. 15, 633 (1964).
Heggen, G. E. and L. W. Strock, Determination of trace elements, Anal. Chem, 25, 859 (1953).
Mitchell, R. L. and R. O. Scorn, Applications of chemical concentration by organic reagents to spectrographic analysis, Spectrochim. Acta 3, 367 (1948).
Elfers, L.A.,Flame photometric determination of stable cesium in environmental media, Paper presented at “Symposium on Trace Characterization — Chemical and Physical,” Nat. Bur. Stand. Oct. 3–7, 1966, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 130 p.
Schuhknecht, W. and H. Schinkel, Die flammenphotometrische Bestimmung geringer Mengen von Kalium, Natrium und Lithium neben grossen Mengen von Erdalkalien, Fres Z. f. anal. Chemie 143, 321 (1954).
Herrmann, R., Flammenspektrophotometrische Natrium-Analysen mit der Doppellinie bei 330 mg, Z. f. d. ges. exper. Med. 129, 55 (1957).
Oer, A. v. and H. J. HÖfert, Zur Methodik der flammenphotometrischen Bestimmung von NA, K, und Ca im Blutserum, Archiv f. exp. Pathol. und Pharmakol. 214, 109 (1951).
Alkemade, C. T. J., Über den Mechanismus einiger Beeinflussungen in der Flammenphotometrie Coll. Spectr. Intern. VIII, Luzern 1959, p. 162.
Herrmann, R., Flammenspektrometrische Mg-Bestimmung im Serum, Z. f. ges. exper. Med. 126 371 (1955).
Pruden, E. L., R. Meier and D. Plaut, Comparison of serum magnesium values by photometric, fluorometric, atomic absorption and flame emission methods, Clin. Chem. 12, 613 (1966).
Dawson, J. B. and D. J. Ellis, The simultaneous estimation of NA, K, Ca and Mg by emission and absorption flame photometry using an automatic multichannel high-speed scanning spectrophotometer, Coll. Spectr. Intern. XII, Exeter 1965, Hilger and Watts 1965, 271.
Macintyre, I., Flame Photometry. From: Advances in Clinical Chemistry, Edit.: Harry Sobotka and C. P. Stewart, Vol. 4, 1–28 (1961), Acad. Press.
Teloh, H. A., Estimation of magnesium in serum by means of flame spectrophotometry, A. J. Clin. Path. 30, 129 (1958).
Kapuscinski, V., N. Moss, B. Zak and A. J. Boyle, Quantitative determination of calcium and magnesium in human serum by flame spectrophotometry, J. Clin. Path. 22, 687 (1952).
B. L. Vallee, Simultaneous determination of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and strontium by a new multichannel flame spectrometer, Nature 174, 1050 (1954).
Knutson, K. E., Flame photometric determination of magnesium in plant material. A study of the emission of magnesium in a highly reducing oxygen-acetylene flame, Analysti 82, 241 (1957).
Allos, M. D., The determination of the “refractory” elements by atomic absorption spectroscopy, The Element, Techn. News from Aztec Instr. Nr. 10, 1966.
Allos, M. D., Recent Advances and the current status of atomic absorption spectroscopy, Atomiabsorptiospektrofotometrien symposium Kenian Päivät 1, 1 (1966).
Manna, L., D. H. Strunk, and S. L. Adams, Flame spectrophotometric determination of microgram quantities of magnesium, Anal. Chem. 29, 1885 (1957).
Baker, G. L. and L. H. Johnson, Effects of anions on calcium flame emission in flame photometry, Anal. Chem. 26, 465 (1954).
Roy, N., Flame photometric determination of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and manganese in glass and raw materials, Anal. Chem. 28, 34 (1956).
Herrmann, R. and W. Lang, Analysen von Mg im Serum und im anderen Körperfliissigkeiten mit Hilfe der Absorptions-Flammenphotometrie, Z. ges. exp. Med. 135, 569 (1961).
Andersen, C. J., B. Nordentoft Jensen and N. Rud. Keiding, Magnesium determination by flame photometry, Scandinay. J. Clin. and Lab. Investigation 14, 560 (1962).
Webb, M. S. W., and M. L. Wordingham, The direct flame photometric determination of Sr: Ca ratios in the ash of human bones and teeth, Anal. Chim. Acta 28, 450 (1963).
Toribara, T. Y., A. Dewey and H. Warner, Flame photometric determination of calcium in biological materials. Effect of low level impurities from calcium oxalate precipitation, Anal. Chem. 29, 540 (1957).
Herrmann, R., Flammenspektrometrische Cu-Bestimmung im Serum, Z. ges. exper. Med. 126, 334 (1955).
Vurek, G. G. and R. L. Bowman, Helium Glow Photometer for Analysis of Picomoles of NA, K, CA, MG, and ZN, Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference 1966.
Montgomery, R. D., The estimation of magnesium in small biological samples by flame spectrophotometry, J. Clin. Path. 14, 400 (1961).
Schmid, A. and K. Ziff, Flammenspektrophotometrische Bestimmung von Strontium und Calcium im Serum, Biochemische Zeitschrift 333, 84 (1960).
Lang, W. and R. Herrmann, Eine Methode zur flammenspektrophotometrischen Lithiumbestimmung im Serum, Z. f. d. gesamt. exp. Medizin 139, 200 (1965).
Nevius, D. B. and G. F. Lanchantin, Operation of the Technicon flame photometer with natural gas. Use in the determination of serum lithium and the semi-micro analysis of serum-sodium and potassium, Clin. Chem., 11 (6) 633 (1965).
Menis, O. and T. C. Rains, Extraction and flame photometric determination of iron, Anal. Chem. 32, 1837 (1960).
Lang, W., Eine Methode zur flammenspektrophotometrischen Serum-Rubidium-Bestimmung, Z. f. d. gesamt. exp. Medizin 139, 438 (1965).
Lang, W., Flammenspektrophotometrische Methode zur Serum-Chlorid-Bestimmung mit der Silberlinie 338,3 mµ, Z. klin. Chemie 3, 186 (1965).
Bechtler, G., B. Gutsche, R. Herrmann, W. Lang and D. Stamm, Chlorid-Bestimmungen in nativen Humanserum mit Filterflammenphotometern, Z. klin. Chemie und klin. Biochemie 5, 138 (1967).
Koval, Yu. F., Flame photometric determination of cesium in urine, Lab. Delo 1966 (4), 213.
Stamm, D. and K. RÖtger, Phosphatid-Phosphor-Bestimmung durch Hochtemperatur-Flammenphotometrie mittels eines Plasmabogens, Z. f. klin. Chemie 4, 220 (1966).
Rozsa, J. T., J. Stone and J. D. Golland, Health Physics Application for Spectrography Monitoring for Beryllium in Air. From: Developments in Appl. Spectroscopy, vol. 3, Forrette and Lantermann, Plenum Press 1963, p. 243.
Beauchene, R. E., A. D. Berneking, W. G. Schrenk, H. L. Mitchell and R. E. Silker, The quantitative estimation of amino nitrogen by determination of bound copper with the flame photometer, J. Biological Chemistry 214, 731 (1955).
Newton, D. and G. A. Rose, Flame photometry in a metabolic unit laboratory, Zeiss-Mitteilungen über Fortschritte der techn. Optik 3 (9) 365 (1965).
Vurek, G. G., Emission photometry of picomoles of calcium, magnesium and other metals, Anal. Chem. 39 (13) 1599 (1967).
Samsahl, K., P. O. Wester and O. LandstrÖm, An automatic group separation system for the simultaneous determination of a great number of elements in biological material, Anal. Chem. 40 (1) 181 (1968).
Strickland, R. D. and C. M. Maloney, Indirect method for determination of serum in organic sulfate by flame spectrophotom., J. Clin. Path. 24, 1100 (1954).
Gutsche, B., R. Herrmann and K. RÜdiger, Ein spektrophotometrischer Schnelltest zum Nachweis von organischen Chlorverbindungen, insbesondere zum Nachweis von chlorhaltigen Insektiziden, Fres. Z. f. analyt. Chemie 241, 54 (1968).
Gutsche, B., and R. Herrmann, Flammenspektrophotometrischer Insektizidnachweis mit einem Filterflammenphotometer, Fres. Z. f. analyt. Chemie 242, 13 (1968).
Gilbert, P. T., JR., Flame photometric determination of chlorine by indium chloride band emission, Anal. Chem. 38, 1921 (1966).
Beckman Instruments Inc., Flame Photometer, Beckman Instruments Inc., Fullerton (Calif) Bull. 7069 (1966).
Perkin-Elmer Atomabsorptionsspektrophotometer 303 “Mit Concentration Readout” Perkin-Elmer Instr. Div. 1967.
Stamm, D., Tagesschwankungen der Konzentration diagnostisch wichtiger Blutbestandteile, Habilitationsschrift Gießen 1966.
Haagen-Smit, J. W. and J. Ramerez-Muroz, Multichannel integrating flame photometer, Anal. Chim. Acta 36, 469 (1966).
Davis, H. M., G. P. Fox, R. J. Webb and P. C. Wildy, A general purpose integrating flame photometer, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell AERE C/R 2659 (1960).
Margoshes, M. and B. V. Vallee, A multichannel flame spectrometer employing automatic background correction, Anal. Chem. 27, 320 (1955).
Lang, W., Absorptionsflammenspektrometrische Analysen mit Mikroliterproben, Mikrochim. Acta 1963, 872.
Birks, F. T., The application of the hollow cathode source to spectrographic analysis, Spectrochim. Acta 6, 169 (1954).
Erdey, L., E. Gegus and E. Kocsts, Spectrochemical analysis of solutions by means of hollow electrodes, Acta. Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung. 7, 343 (1955).
Massmann, H., Hohlkathoden für konstante Intensitätsverhältnisse der Spektren verschiedener Elemente, Z. Instr. 71, 225 (1963).
Grimm, W., Glimmentladungslampe für spektralanalytische Routinemessungen, Die Naturwissenschaften 54, 586 (1967).
Odintsov, V. L., An atomic beam as light source for studying spectra of gases, Optic and Spectr. 10, 203 (1961).
Pietzka, G. and H. U. Caum, Flammenphotometrie I, Angew. Chemie 71, 276 (1959).
Baker, M. R. and B. L. Vallee, A theory of spectral excitation in flames as a function of sample flow, Anal. Chem. 31, 2036 (1959).
Puschel, R., L. Simon and R. Herrmann, Über die Verluste von Na-Atomen bei der Durchführung von flammenspektrophotometrischen Analysen mit turbulenten 02–112-Flammen, Optik 21, 441 (1964).
Fukushima, S., M. Shigemoto, I. Kato and K. Otozai, A relationship between interfering substances in flame spectrophotometry, Mikrochim. Acta 1957, 35.
Fukushima, S., K. Yukawa, M. Shigemoto and K. Otozal, Another new application of standard additions technique in flame spectrophotometry, Mikrochim. Acta 1958, 553.
Allos, M. D., The use of pre-mixed flames of nitrous oxide and acetylene in flame emission and atomic absorption, The Element, Techtron (Australia) Nr. 7, 1967.
Herrmann, R. and W. Rica, Verbesserung der flammenspektrophotometrischen Serum-CaAnalysen durch Zusätze von Athylendiamintetraessigsäure, Die Naturwissenschaften 46, 492 (1959).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1970 N.V. Philips’ Gloeilampenfabrieken
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Herrmann, R. (1970). The Applications of Flame Photometry in Biology and Medicine. In: Mavrodineanu, R. (eds) Analytical Flame Spectroscopy. Philips Technical Library. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-01008-0_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-01008-0_9
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-01010-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-01008-0
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)