Abstract
This chapter will cover the detection and determination of the elements hydrogen, boron, carbon, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, the halogens and the noble gases by direct emission flame spectroscopy. The term direct means that the observed light is emitted by a species containing the analyte; examples are C, C2 and CH for carbon, CuCl for chlorine. The term spectroscopy will include every means of detecting or measuring the light from the flame; after all, every practical photodetector, including the eye, is spectrally selective. In some recent methods for nonmetals, the photodetector views the flame directly, receiving its whole spectrum.
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References
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Same as Ref. 24).
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W. N. Hartley and H. Ramage, J. Chem. Soc. 71, 533–47 (1897);
W. N. Hartley and H. Ramage,CZ 68 II, 98 (1897).
W. N. Hartley and H. Ramage, Proc. Chem. Soc. 173, 11–3 (1897);
W. N. Hartley and H. Ramage,CZ 68 I, 455 (1897). O2-H2 blowpipe tests for many elements in minerals.
V. Lenher and J. S. C. Wells, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 21, 417–20 (1899).
V. Lenher and J. S. C. Wells, ZaC 42, 132 (1903);
V. Lenher and J. S. C. Wells, CZ 7011, 144 (1899). Fl. tests for B.
O. Mezger, Z. Untersuch. Nahr.- u. Genussm. 10, 243–5 (1905).
O. Mezger,CZ 76 II, 1123 (1905). Fl. detec. of B.
O. Von Spindler, Chem.-Ztg. 29, 566–7 (1905);
O. Von Spindler, Schweiz. Wochenschr. Chem. u. Pharm. 43, 406 (1905?).
O. Von Spindler, CZ 76 II, 166–7 (1905). F1. detec. of B in foods.
O. Von Spindler, Z. Untersuch. Nahr.- u. Genussm. 10, 478–82 (1905);
O. Von Spindler, Schweiz. Wochenschr. Chem. u. Pharm. 43, 659 (1905?);
O. Von Spindler, Chem.-Ztg. 30 (1906).
O. Von Spindler, ZaC 45, 709–10 (1906);
O. Von Spindler, CZ 77 I, 86–7 (1906). App. for fl. detec. of B in foods.
V. Castellana, Atti accad. naz. Lincei (y) 14 I, 465–7 (1905);
V. Castellana, CZ 76 I, 1619 (1905).
V. Castellana, Gazz. chim. ital. 36 I, 106–8 (1906);
V. Castellana, CZ 77 I, 1187–8 (1906). Fl. detec. of B in milk.
G. Velardi, Gazz. chim. ital. 36 I, 230–2 (1906).
G. Velardi, CZ 77 II, 165 (1906). Criticism of Ref. 169.
V. Castellana, Gazz. chim. ital. 36 I, 232–6 (1906).
V. Castellana, CZ 77 II, 165 (1906). Reply to Ref. 170; interferences.
E. Beckmann, Z. physik. Chem. 57, 641–8 (1907).
E. Beckmann, CZ 78 I, 782–4 (1907). Chem. sprayer; fl. detec. of B.
E. Beckmann, Z. angew. Chem. 20, 561–5 (1907). CA 2, 965. Fl. test for B or org. Cl compounds.
C. Mannich and H. Priess, Chem.-Ztg. 32, 314 (1908). CA 2, 1729 (Priess misspelled). Fl. detec. of B in foods.
K. Arndt, Chem.-Ztg. 33, 725–6 (note) (1909).
K. Arndt, CZ 80 II, 559 (1909). Fl. detec. of B.
Anon., Deutsches Arzneibuch V, 1910. (From Ref. 142). Fl. test for B in meat inspection.
G. Bertrand and H. Agulhon, Bull. soc. chim. France (iv) 7, 90–9 (1910);
G. Bertrand and H. Agulhon, Ann. chim. anal. et chim. appl. 15, 45 (1910).
G. Bertrand and H. Agulhon, CA 4, 1439, 2080. Spectroscopic fl. detec. of B in foods, etc.
T. vox Fellenberg, Mitt. Geb. Lebensmittelunters. Hyg. 1, 193–4 (1911);
T. vox Fellenberg, CA 5, 1469 (wrong year). Apotheker-Ztg. 25, 805 (1911).
T. vox Fellenberg, CZ 82 I, 1248 (1911). Fl. detec. of B in preservatives.
G. Bertrand and H. Agulhon, Compt. rend. 155, 248–51 (1912).
G. Bertrand and H. Agulhon, CZ 83 II, 1295 (1912). Improvement of Ref. 177.
E. Pieszczek, Pharm. Ztg. 58, 850–1 (1913). CA 8, 1070 (date wrong, initial probably wrong);
E. Pieszczek, ZaC 60, 370 (1921). Fl. test for B and for McOH.
P. Jannasch and F. Noll, J. prakt. Chem. (ii) 99, 1–33 (1919). CA 14, 162. Detn. of B by duration of fl. color.
J. R. Partington, A Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry, Macmillan, London, 1921. 1062 pp.
G. Lunge and E. Berl, Chemisch-technische Untersuchungsmethoden, 7th ed., Vol. 2, Springer, Berlin, 1922; 1411 pp. Review in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 45, 1572–3 (1923).
F. Bordas and F. Touplain, Ann. fais. et fraudes 16, 356–60 (1923). CA 17, 3557. Fl. detec. of B in mineral waters.
F. Krauss, Chem.-Ztg. 50, 33 (1926). CA 20, 1190. Volatility of Ba bisulfate in B fl. test.
A. Gabriel and H. G. Tanner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 50, 1385 (1928). CA 22, 2123. Fl. detec. of B.
J. B. Kasey, Chemist-Analyst 19, No. 2, p. 15 (March 1930).
J. B. Kasey,CZ 101 I, 3217 (1930). Fl. test for B.
W. BÖytger and Bertha-Marie Schall, Mikrochemie, Emich-Festschrift 1930, 29–38. CA 25, 3263;
W. BÖTtger and Bertha-Marie Schall, CZ 102 II, 277 (1931). App. for B fl. test.
W. Stahl, Acta Univ. Latviensis Kim. Fakultat. Serija 1, No. 13–17, 369–400 (1930);
W. Stahl, Z. anal. Chem. 83, 268–89 (1931). CA 25, 1455, 2385. Fl. colorimetric detn. of B, optimized method.
J. S. Mchargue and R. K. Calfee, Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. 4, 385–8 (1932). CA 26, 5869. Fp. detn. of B with KMnO4 cuvet to obscure bands.
J. S. Mchargue, J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 16, 465–71 (1933). CA 28, 433. Method of Ref. 190 for plant analysis.
R. K. Calfee and J. S. Mchargue, Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. 9, 288–90 (1937). CA 31, 6129. Dual-fl. colorimetric detn. of B.
H. C. Weber and R. D. Jacobson, Ibid. 10, 273 (1938). CA 32, 4461. Detn. of B by duration of fl. color.
A. P. Kreshkov and S. S. Vil’borg, Zhur. Anal. Khim. 3, 172–5 (1948). CA 42, 7661. Fl. test for B with Et4SiO4.
S. D. Boon, Vlam-Fotometrie, Thesis, Amsterdam, 1945. 112 pp. CA 40, 5668. Filter fpr. for NA, K, LI, B.
P. L. Hoogland, Trace elements and dental caries, Thesis, Amsterdam, 1948. 64 pp.
P. L. Hoogland, Anal. Chim. Acta 2, 831–8 (1948). CA 43, 7998. Used Boon’s fpr. for B.
P. L. Hoogland, Medel. Lab. Physiol. Chem. Univ. Amsterdam en Nederlands Inst. Volksvoed. 11, No. 3, 63 pp. (1948–49). CA 45, 2553. See Ref. 196.
B. Lange, A new flame photometer, Dechema Monograph. 17, 149–59 (1951). CA 47, 3621.
L. Kny and J. Richter, Arzneimittelstandardisierung, Informdienst. 1, 41–6 (1961). CA 61, 8136. Fp. detn. of B in drugs.
H. Lundegardh, Die quantitative Spektralanalyse der Elemente, Fischer, Jena, Part I, 1929; Part II, 1934.
H. Lundegardh, Lantbruks-Högskol. Ann. 3, 49–97 (1936). CA 31, 2958. New burner for fl. spectrography of various elements.
A. D. Rusin and V. M. Tatevskii, Vest. Mosk. Univ., Ser. II, Khim. 17, No. 3, 21–3 (1962). CA 57, 10090. Spectral detn. of B02 in B2H6 explosion products.
P. T. Gilbert, R. C. Hawes and A. O. Beckman, Anal. Chem. 22, 772–80 (1950). CA 44, 7592. Early Beckman fsr.
P. T. Gilbert, A flame spectrophotometer with integral burner-atomizer, Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, March 1951; Symposium on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, June 1951.
P. T. Gilbert, Ind. Labs. 3, No. 8, 41–6 (Aug. 1952). Fsy. and detec. limits for many elements.
C. E. Bricker, W. A. Dippel and N. H. Furman, U.S. At. Energy Comm., Nyo-794, Dec. 31, 1951; 9 pp. Nuclear Sci. Abstr. 6, No. 1655 (1952). Fs. detn. of B.
G. R. Kingsley and R. R. Schaffert, Effect of organic solvents on the emission spectra of cations in serum and aqueous solutions, American Chemical Society, Los Angeles, Mar. 16, 1953. Discussion: B in org. solvents.
W. A. Dippel, Fundamental study of analytical flame photometry, Ph. D. thesis, Princeton Univ., 1954. 167 pp.
W. A. Dippel, Dissertation Abstr. 16, 224–5 (1956). CA 50, 7649. Fsy. of B.
E. Pungor and (Miss) Ilona Konkoly Thege, Magyar Kém. Foly6irat 62, 231–4 (1956);
E. Pungor and (Miss) Ilona Konkoly Thege, Acta Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung. 13, 39–46 (1958). CA 52, 6925. Fsy. of B.
E. Bovay and A. Cossy, Mitt. Gebiete Lebensm. Hyg. 48, 59–63 (1957). CA 52, 14942. Fs. detn. of B. in fertilizer.
D. E. Fornwalt, U.S. At. Energy Comm., TIM-406, May 1957; 25 pp. Nuclear Sci. Abstr. 16, No. 12960 (1962). Fs. detn. of B in plating solns.
D. E. Fornwalt, Anal. Chim. Acta 17, 597–603 (1957). CA 53, 2873. See Ref. 211.
R. P. Porter, J. Phys. Chem. 61, 1260 (1957). CA 52, 1570. Reaction of McOH with B-contg. glass.
H. D. DuBois and R. E. Barteau, Improved flame photometry by direct recording study of selected flame area emission, 23rd Midyear Meeting, Div. of Refining, American Petroleum Institute, Los Angeles, May 1958. Includes study of B.
B. E. Buell, A study of photometric determinations of elements, report, Union Oil Co. of Calif., Research Dept., Brea, Calif., Sept. 18, 1958. Data on B and other elements.
B. D. LA Mont, J. V. Derby, C. A. Meinz and J. D. Johnson, pp. 36–49 in Analytical chemistry in nuclear reactor technology, U. S. At. Energy Comm., Tid-7568, Part 1, 1959. CA 54, 9522; CA 57, 5543; Nuclear Sci. Abstr. 13, No. 12450 (1959). Fs. detn. of B.
K. Konopicky and W. Schmidt, Z. anal. Chem. 174, 262–8 (1960). CA 55, 2349 Enhancement of B, etc., by fluoride in fsy.
J. A. Dean, Analyst 85, 621–9 (1960).
J. A. Dean,Nuclear Sci. Abstr. 15, p. 22 (1961). Review on fsy. in metallurgy; 57 refs.
B. E. Buell, pp. 365–7 in The Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy, G. L. Clark, ed., Reinhold, New York, 1960. Review of fpy. in petroleum; 32 refs.
E. Pungor and Ilona Konkoly Thege, Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös Nominatae, Sect. Chim. 2, 485–7 (1960). CA 56, 5401. Cf. Ref. 209.
W. J. Maeck, Maxine E. Kussy, B. E. Ginther, G. V. Wheeler and J. E. Rein, Anal. Chem. 35, 62–5 (1963). CA 58, 3877. Extn. and fs. detn. of B.
H. LundegÂrdh, Metallwirtschaft 17, 1222–6 (1938). CA 33, 937. Fl. spectrography and sparkin-fi. for many elements.
R. Lora-Silva, M. Castellanos-Tapias and A. Acevedo-Guzman, Rev. Univ. Ind. Santander 5, 409–12 (1963). CA 60, 2033. Fs. detn. of B in plants.
T. Yoshizaki, Anal. Chem. 35, 2177–9 (1963). CA 60, 7461. Fs. detn. of B in org. compounds.
M. E. Dow, Suppression effects in emission flame photometry, Ph. D. thesis, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan. Univ. Microfilms (Ann Arbor, Mich.), Order No. 63–6793, 101 pp. Dissertation Abstr. 24, 1367 (1963). Vaporization interferences of B, etc.
M. E. Doty and W. G. Schrenk, Develop. Appl. Spectry. 3, 196–206 (1963), Plenum, New York, 1964. CA 61, 11488. Cf. Ref. 225.
J. L. Waters, The design and applications of a continuous recording flame photometer, Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, March 2, 1961.
W. A. Crandall, pp. 11–28 in Analysis Instrumentation — 1964, Proc. Natl. Anal. Instr. Symp., 10th, San Francisco; Plenum, New York, 1964. CA 63, 14320. Fsr. for monitoring Na and B in reactor coolant.
M. Baum, Sprechsaal 97, 101–3 (1964). CA 61, 416. Fs. detn. of B in refractories.
J. Ramerez-Mutroz, Inst. hierro y acero 17, 44–50 (1964). Solvent extn.; detn. of B in plants.
N. S. Poluektov, Techniques in Flame Photometric Analysis, translated by C. N. and T. I. Turton, Van Nostrand, Princeton, 1966; 219 pp. Reprint of 1961 translation; publ. 1959 in Russian. Review in Analyst 92, 204 (1967).
T. C. Rains and T. A. Rush, pp. 28–40 in Analytical Coordination Chemistry: Titrimetry, Gravimetry, Flame Photometry, Spectrophotometry, Gas Evolution, and Isotopic Preparations, July 1965-June 1966, Natl. Bur. Standards, Tech. Note 402, Washington, 1966. Fsy. of B; Te by aas.
E. J. Agazzi, Anal. Chem. 39, 233–5 (1967). CA 66, 61487. Extn. and fs. detn. of B.
R. A. A. Muzzarelli, Ibid. 39, 365–6 (1967). CA 66, 82048. Fs. detn. of B in U nitrate.
C. T. J. Alkemade, Ibid. 38, 1252–3 (1966). CA 65, 14412. Interpretation of solute vaporization interferences.
R. S. Braman and E. S. Gordon, ISA Proceedings, 17th Ann. ISA Conf., New York, 1962, Paper 13.2.62, 6 pp. CA 60, 4754. Fp. borane monitor.
R. S. Braman, Research and development of an automatic beryllium and boron monitor, At. Energy Comm. Accession No. 28218, Rept. No. AD-608438, 1962. 89 pp. CA 64, 14850.
R. S. Braman and E. S. Gordon. IEEE Trans. Instrumentation and Measurement, 1M-14, 11–19 (1965). Cf. Refs. 236, 237.
R. Dobriner, Electronic Design, Oct. 25, 1963, pp. 18, 20. Cf. Refs. 236–238.
R. S. Braman and W. A. Loseke, Flame photometric detection of toxic volatile compounds, Mid-America Spectroscopy Symposium, Chicago, May 22, 1963.
E. Bovalini, L. Pucnvl and A. Lo Moro, Ann. chim. (Rome) 49, 1046–50 (1959). CA 54, 1167. Indirect fp. detn. of B.
J. Ramerez-Murioz, Atomic-Absorption Spectroscopy and Analysis by Atomic-Absorption Flame Photometry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1968. 493 pp.
R. N. Kniseley, The determination of refractory metals by atomic absorption spectroscopy, Eastern Analytical Symposium, New York, Nov. 13, 1964.
Beckman Instruments, Inc., Fullerton, Calif., Beckman laminar flow burner for nitrous oxide-acetylene, Bull. 7112, 1966.
J. Ramerez-Munoz, Flame Notes (Beckman Instruments, Inc.) 2, 26 (1967). Data on B in aas.
A. Hell, J. Ramerez-Musioz and N. Shifrin, Nitrous oxide-acetylene burner with improved sample delivery system, Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Feb. 1966.
H. Bader and H. Brandenberger, Atomic Absorption Newsletter 7, 1–3 (1968). Detn. of B by aas. in biological samples.
W. A. Straub, Spark-in-flame spectroscopy, Ph. D. thesis, Cornell Univ., 1958; 113 pp. Univ. Microfilms (Ann Arbor, Mich.), L.C. Card No. Mic 58–2451.
W. A. Straub, Dissertation Abstr. 19, 31–2 (1958). CA 52, 16116.
W. A. Straub, S. H. Bauer and W. D. Cooke, Spark in flame spectroscopy, Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, March 6, 1958.
Mildred S. Vigler and J. K. Failoni, Appl. Spectry. 19, 57–8 (1965). CA 63, 404. Plasma arc for B in gasoline.
A. G. Collins, Ibid. 21, 16–9 (1967). CA 66, 88477. Plasma arc for B, etc., in brines.
H. C. Hoare and R. A. Mostyn, Anal. Chem. 39, 1153–5 (1967). Induction torch spectrography; detn. of B in Ni.
B. P. Stoicheff, pp. 399–415 in Proc. Xth Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale, E. R. Lippincott and M. Margoshes, eds., Spartan Books, Washington, 1963. Fl. spectra of laser-vaporized B, etc.
H. I. S. Ferguson, J. E. Mentall and R. W. Nicholls, Nature 204, 1295 (1964). CA 62, 8549. Laser excitation of B, C, etc.
V. S. Rossikhin and I. L. Tsikora, Optika i Spektroskopiya 5, 202–4 (1958). CA 53, 7756. Mechanism of excitation of C 2479 in 02-C2H2 fl.
J. PlÜcker and J. W. Hittore, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 155, 1–28 (1865). Spectra of Sin fl. and discharge; 02-C2N2 fl. spectrum; Cu halide spectra.
W. M. Watts, Phil. Mag. (iv) 49, 104–6 (1875).
W. M. Watts, CZ 46, 145 (1875). Polemic on origin of C2 bands; reply to Smyth (Ref. 100).
J. Attfield, Ibid., 106–8 (1875). Further reply to Smyth (Ref. 100); cf. Ref. 257.
A. M. Bass and H. P. Broida, A Spectrophotometric Atlas of the Spectrum of CH from 3000 Â to 5000 A, Natl. Bur. Standards, Monograph 24, 1961; 20 pp. CA 55, 13044–5.
D. W. Grant and G. A. Vaughan, p. 413 in Vapour Phase Chromatography, D. H. Desty, ed., Butterworths, London, 1957. Suggested fl. emission for detec. of org. compounds.
D. W. Grant, pp. 153–63 in Gas Chromatography, Proc. Symp., Amsterdam 1958, D. H. Desty, ed., Butterworths, London, 1958. CA 53, 16609. Implementation of suggestion of Ref. 260.
P. J. Cowan and J. M. Sugihara, J. Chem. Educ. 36, 246–7 (1959). CA 53, 19475. Fl. emission detector for GC.
J. C. Sternberg and D. T. L. Jones, unpublished work at Beckman Instruments, Inc., Fullerton, Calif., 1961.
A. J. Mccormack, Emission detectors for gas chromatography, M. S. thesis, Cornell Univ., 1963. Cf. Ref. 88.
R. S. Braman, Anal. Chem. 38, 734–42 (1966). CA 65, 2981. Fl. emission detector for GC.
R. P. Durbin, Gas chromatography. Part I. Characterization of the flame photometric detector for gas chromatography, Thesis, Univ. Illinois. Dissertation Abstr. 27, 710B (1966).
R. S. Juvet, JR., and R. P. Durbin, Anal. Chem. 38, 565–9 (1966). Correction: Ibid., p. 1740. CA 65, 4. Cf. Ref. 266.
F. M. Zado and R. S. Juvet, JR., Ibid. 38, 569–73 (1966). CA 65, 4. Continuation of Ref. 267; selective or nonselective.
J. W. Robinson and V. Smith, Anal. Chim. Acta 36, 489–98 (1966). CA 66, 33293. Emission spectra of org. liquids in 02-H2 fi.
P. F. Mccrea, Emission spectrum characteristics of hydrocarbons in a hydrogen-air flame, M.S. thesis, Providence College, 1966.
P. F. Mccrea and T. S. Light, Anal. Chem. 39, 1731–6 (1967). Emission of hydrocarbons in McOH in 02-H2 fl.
W. A. Aue and C. W. Gehrke, Spectrometric determination of organic compounds by sodium-doped flame, American Chemical Society, 2nd Midwest Regional Meeting, Lawrence, Kan., Oct. 28, 1966.
C. V. Overfield and J. D. Winefordner, J. Chromatog. 30, 339–43 (1967). CA 67, 121970. Fl. emission detector for GC, detg. fixed gases by depression of OH band.
J. C. Sternberg and R. E. Poulson, Ibid. 3, 406–10 (1960). CA 55, 5050. Tesla discharge detector for GC.
R. S. Braman and A. Dynako, Anal. Chem. 40, 95–106 (1968). D.-c. discharge emission detector for GC, etc.
C. D. West, A comparison of 30 MHz and 2450 MHz plasmas for gas analysis, American Chemical Society, 155th National Meeting, San Francisco, Apr. 1, 1968.
R. Bunsen, Ann. Chem. Liebigs 138, 257–96 (1866). Fl. tests, including As, Se, Te.
W. Huggins, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) 18, 546–53 (1870);
W. Huggins,Phil. Mag. (iv) 40, 302–6 (1870).
W. Huggins,CZ 41, 673, 689 (1870). Fl. spectrum of SI, etc.
Augusta Syty, Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, 1967. See Ref. 280.
Augusta Syty and J. A. Dean, Appl. Optics 7, 1331–6 (1968). Detn. of P and S in liquid samples by Hpo and S2 emissions.
G. Salet, Compt. rend. 73, 1056–9 (1871).
G. Salet, CZ 42, 753 (1871). F1. spectra of P, S, SI, Sn.
G. Salet, Traité élémentaire de spectroscopie, Masson, Paris, 1888. Vol. 1.
C. J. LundstrÖm, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) 59, 76–98 (1895). Spectra of Bessemer converter fl.
W. N. Hartley, Ibid., 98–101. Same subject as above.
A. DE Gramont and C. DE Watteville, Compt. rend. 147, 239–42 (1908). CA 2, 3192;
A. DE Gramont and C. DE Watteville, CZ 79 11, 1233–4 (1908). F1. spectrum of SiO.
R. K. Skogerboe, Ann T. Heybey and G. H. Morrison, Anal. Chem. 38, 1821–4 (1966). CA 66, 25738. Excitation of SI, AS, SE, Te, etc. in O2-H2 fl. with EtOH solvent.
Claude E. Johnson, Nethercutt Laboratories, Los Angeles, personal communication, Feb. 19, 1964. Fs. detn. of Si. (Present address: 5402 Arbor Vitae, Los Angeles 90045.)
J. C. Sternberg, W. S. Gallaway and D. T. L. Jones, Gas Chromatog. Intern. Symp. 1961, 3, 231–67 (Pub. 1962). CA 58, 3865. Response mechanism of fl. ionization detector.
W. Slavin, A. Venghiattis and D. C. Manning, Atomic Absorption Newsletter 5, 84–8 (1966). CA 65, 17678. Aas. by N2O-C2H2 fl.; Si.
J. S. Cartwright, C. Sebens and D. C. Manning, Ibid., 91–6. CA 65, 19292. Sullivan-Walsh lamps for Si, Ti, V in aas.
J. Ramirez-Musoz, J. Forensic Sci. Soc. 7, 151–61 (1967). Beckman Instruments, Inc., Reprint R-6251. Applications of aas.; Si, Te in N20-C2H2 fl.
J. J. Mcauliffe, Atomic Absorption Newsletter 6, 69 (1967). Detn. of Si in Fe and steel by aas.
J. J. Mcauliffe, Silicon analysis in cast iron and steel by atomic absorption spectroscopy, Society for Applied Spectroscopy, 7th National Meeting, Chicago, May 13, 1968.
Judith A. Bowman and J. B. Willis,Anal. Chem. 39, 1210–6 (1967). CA 67, 78635. Aas. with N20-C2H2 fl.; detn. of Si in bauxite.
Concetta M. Paralusz, Trace organic silicon analysis using atomic absorption spectroscopy, Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Cleveland, March 4, 1968.
G. F. Kirkbright, A. M. Smith and T. S. West, Analyst 92, 411–6 (1967). Indirect detn. of P and Si by aas. via Mo complex.
T. R. Hurford and D. F. Boltz, Anal. Chem. 40, 379–82 (1968). Similar to Ref. 296.
E. Hoffmann and G. Holdt, Monatsber. deut. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 10/11, 693 (1965). Disk-stabilized arc as emission source.
E. Hoffmann and G. Holdt, Canadian Spectry. 12, 10–5 (1967). CA 67, 16392. Disk-stabilized arc; detn. of Si in rocks, Pin C2H2.
R. H. Wendt and V. A. Fassel, Anal. Chem. 37, 920–2 (1965). CA 63, 10872. Induction torch; detec. limits for many elements.
H. C. Dibbits, Ann. Physik 122, 497–545 (1864). Fl. spectra of C2N2, NH3, S, H2S, CS2 with air, O2, N2O, etc.
K. B. Hofmann, Ibid. 147, 92–101 (1872).
K. B. Hofmann, CZ 43, 691 (1872). Spectra of P glow, P fl., P in H2 fl., NH3 fl., As in H2 fl.
T. M. Sugden, Elzbieta M. Bulewicz and A. Demerdache, Chem. Reactions Lower and Upper Atmosphere, Proc. Intern. Symp., San Francisco, Calif., 1961, 89–108. CA 56, 13583. Mechanisms and chemiluminescence of NH, NH2, Hno, S2, SH, SO, and H2S in H2 fl. with NO or SO2.
C. DE Watteville, Z. wiss. Phot. 7, 279–85 (1909).
C. DE Watteville, CZ 80 II, 674–5 (1909). Spectra of N, P, As, Sb in Bunsen fl.
M. Honma and C. L. Smith, Anal. Chem. 26, 458–62 (1954). CA 48, 6911. Fs. detn. of organic N by CN 3883.
B. E. Buell (Union Oil Co., Brea, Calif.), personal communication, 1960. Detec. of N in 02-H2 sprayer-burner fl. by CN band.
U.S. Naval Applied Science Laboratory, Brooklyn, N.Y., Flame photometer for atmospheric contaminants, brochure distributed at exhibit of Instrument Society of America, Chicago, Sept. 9–12, 1963. Work done by E. C. Haas. Fpr. for monitoring P, S, N in air.
R. E. Beauchene, A. D. Berneking, W. G. Schrenk, H. L. Mitchell and R. E. Silker, J. Biol. Chem. 214, 731–9 (1955). CA 49, 10799. Fs. detn. of amino N by Cu substitution.
E. Noelting and E. Trautmann, Ber. deut. chem. Ges. 23, 3654–83 (1890). On p. 3664: Beilstein test for hydroxyquinoline, etc.
H. Milrath, Chem.-Ztg. 33, 1249 (1909). CA 4, 907. Beilstein test for ureas, quinolines, etc.
G. M. S. Tait, U. S. Pat. 1,305,025, May 27, 1919. CA 13, 1960. Cu in alc. fl. to monitor halogens, etc., in air.
J. Van Alphen, Rec. tray. chim. 52, 567–8 (1933). CA 27, 5078. Beilstein test for trimidines.
F. A. Gunther, R. C. Blinn and D. E. Orr, Anal. Chem. 34, 302–3 (1962). CA 56, 9393. Cu in fl. for detec. of Cl, Br, I, CN, Scn in GC.
E. A. Eads and D. A. Payne, JR.,Ibid., 36, 2373 (1964). CA 62, 15432. Like Ref. 313; Cu in burning CH4 carrier gas.
A. M. Bond and T. A. O’donnell, Ibid., 40, 560–3 (1968). Aas. detn. of F and NH3 by enhancement of Zr or Ti in N2O-C2H2.
N. F. Ives and Laura Giuffrida,J. Ass. Offic. Anal. Chem. 50, 1–4 (1967). CA 66, 61612. Thermionic fl. detector for N, P, As and Cl.
C. Wells, U.S. Food and Drug Administration Pesticide Workshop, Kansas City, Mo., May 1966. See Ref. 316.
W. A. Aue, C. W. Gehrke, R. C. Tindle, D. L. Stalling and C. D. Ruyle (or Tindle, Ruyle, Gehrke, Stalling and Aue), An alkali flame ionization detector specific for organic nitrogen compounds, Am. Chem. Soc., 152nd Meeting, New York, Sept. 12–16, 1966.
W. A. Aue, C. W. Gehrke, R. C. Tindle, D. L. Stalling and C. D. Ruyle, J. Gas Chromatog. 5, 381–2 (1967). CA 68, 18451. See Ref. 318.
P T Gilbert,A thermionic flame-ionization detector for organic nitrogen compounds in air, manuscript, 1967; supported by U. S. Naval Applied Science Laboratory.
D. E. Johnson, J. W. Rhoades and R. J. Wheeler, A comparison of selective detectors for nitrogen-containing compounds, Am. Chem. Soc., 154th Meeting, Chicago, Sept. 14, 1967.
Lam Thanh M. and M. Peyron,J. chim. phys. 61, 1531–46 (1964). CA 62, 14059. Analysis of Hpo spectrum.
T. Kumamaru, E. Tao, N. Okamoto and Y. Yamamoto,Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 38, 2204 (1965). CA 64, 10400. Aas. detn. of nitrate by enhancement of extn. of Cu and neocuproine into ketone.
F. Wöhler,Ann. Chem. u. Pharm. 39, 252–3 (1841). Fl. test for P.
K. Rumpf,Z. physik. Chem. B 38, 469–73 (1938). CA 32, 4077. Green bands in cold fl. of P ascribed to PO.
P. Geuter, Z. wiss. Phot. 5, 1–23, 33–60 (1907); Dissertation, Bonn, 1906. CZ78 II, 205 (1907). Band spectra of P in fl., arc, Geissler tube, and P luminescence.
E. B. Ludlam,Nature 128, 271 (1931). CA 25, 5622. Bands of green fl. of P ascribed to hydride.
E. B. Ludlam,J. Chem. Phys. 3, 617–20 (1935). CA 29, 7798. Hpo spectrum photographed; identified as PH.
L. Dusart,Compt. rend. 43, 1126–7 (1856).
L. Dusart,CZ 28, 107 (1857). H fl. test for P.
P. Christofle and F. Beilstein,Compt. rend. 56, 399–401 (1863);
P. Christofle and F. Beilstein,Ann. chim. phys. (iv) 3, 280–3 (1864). H fl. test for P; spectrum (of Hpo).
E. Mulder, Bull. soc. chim. France 1, 453–4 (1864). H fl. spectra of P, S, Se.
E. Mulder,J. prakt. Chem. 91, 111–3 (1864). Like Ref. 331.
G. Salet, Bull. soc. chim. France 13, 289–90 (1870). Cooled H fl. for detec. of P, S, Sn.
R. Mavrodineanu, pp. 371–401 in Developments in Applied Spectroscopy, Vol. 5, Plenum Press, New York, 1966. Burners for fpy.
G. Salet,Bull. soc. chim. France 16, 195–8 (1871).
G. Salet, CZ 43, 529 (1872). Spectra of P and S in H fl.
A. Schuster,Upon the present state of our knowledge of spectrum analysis. 1. Spectra of metalloids. 2. Influence of temperature and pressure. Rept. Brit. Assoc. 1880, pp. 258–98. (From Kayser.)
J. Formanek, Die qualitative Spektralanalyse anorganischer und organischer Körper, 2nd ed., Mückenberger, Berlin, 1905. 333 pp.
M. Peyron, Spectroscopic study of the H atom phosphorus atomic flame, U.S. Dept. Corn., Office Tech. Serv., Astia Document AD 271,740, 4 pp. (1961). CA 60, 4975.
M. Peyron,U. S. Govt. Res. Rept. 37 (9), 87–8 (1962).
Lam Thanh M. and M. Peyron,J. chim. phys. 59, 688–95 (1962). CA 58, 1045. Like Ref. 338.
Lam Thanh M. and M. Peyron,Ibid. 60, 1289–93 (1963). CA 60, 10076. Identification of Hpo and Dpo.
P. T. Gilbert,unpublished work at Beckman Instruments, Inc., 1963; supported by U. S. Naval Applied Science Laboratory.
DrÄgerwerk; H. and B. DrÄger; German Patent 1,133,918, July 26, 1962. CA 57, 14444. H burner for monitoring P and S in air.
C. E. Van Der Smissen (to O. H. Dräger, Lübeck), U.S. Patent 3,213,747, Oct. 26, 1965. Cf. Ref. 342.
S. S. Brody and J. E. Chaney, A specific detector for phosphorus and for sulfur compounds, 3rd International Symposium on Advances in Gas Chromatography, Houston, Texas, Oct. 21, 1965. Uses H fl.
S. S. Brody and J. E. Chaney, J. Gas. Chromatog. 4, 42–6 (1966). CA 64, 13378. Cf. Ref. 344.
J. A. Dean and Augusta Syty, The determination of phosphorus and sulfur in shielded and unshielded fuel-rich air-hydrogen flames, Society for Applied Spectroscopy, Chicago, May 14, 1968.
Richard Johnson, Elemental organic determinations; a simple analysis of extraterrestrial samples, seminar, Nasa Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif., Oct. 12, 1967.
Tracor, Inc. (MicroTek Instruments), 6500 Tracor Lane, Austin, Texas 78721, advertisements in Anal. Chem., Dec. 1967, p. 55A, Apr. 1968, p. 7A; Chem. Eng. News, Feb. 28, 1966, p. 19.
P. T. Gilbert, Monitoring of phosphorus and sulfur by chemiluminescent flame spectrophotometry, Conference on Spectroscopy, Instrumentation and Chemistry, San Francisco, Oct. 23, 1964.
M. Peyron, Spectroscopic studies of free radicals produced in reactions involving atomic H, Proc. Intern. Symp. Mol. Struct. Spectry., Tokyo, 1962 (B403), 4 pp. CA 61, 2612. Hpo and S2.
Lam Thanh M. and M. Peyron, J. chim. phys. 63, 266–8 (1966). CA 65, 1613. New analysis of Hpo and Dpo spectra.
C. P. Fenimore and G. W. Jones, Combustion and Flame 8, 133–7 (1964). CA 61, 11487. Mechanism of Hpo emission in H fi.
A. DE Gramont and C. DE Watteville, Compt. rend. 149, 263–6 (1909). CA 3, 2900;
A. DE Gramont and C. DE Watteville, CZ 80 II, 1836–7 (1909). PO spectrum in fl.
W. N. Hartley, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A185, 161–212 (1894). O2-H2 fl. spectra of P, As, S, Se, Te, and many metals.
H. J. EmelÉus and W. E. Downey, J. Chem. Soc. 125, 2491–5 (1924). CA 19, 2452. Spectroscopic study of P glow.
H. J. EmelÉus, Nature 115, 460–1 (1925). CA 20, 149. Spectra of P glow and fl., P2O3 glow, and PH3 fl.
H. J. EmelÉus, J. Chem. Soc. 127, 1362–8 (1925). CA 19, 2783. Spectra of P2O3 glow and PH3 fl.
M. Centnerszwer and A. Petrikaln, Z. physik. Chem. 80, 235–40 (1912). CA 6, 3355. Spectrum of P glow.
A. Petrikaln, Z. Physik 22, 119–26 (1924). CA 18, 1787. Spectrum of P glow.
A. Petrikaln, Ibid. 51, 395–409 (1928). CA 23, 565. Mechanism of P glow.
A. PetriKaln, Naturwissenschaften 16, 205 (1928). CA 22, 1912. Summary of Ref. 360.
H. J. EmelÉus and R. H. Purcell, J. Chem. Soc. 1927, 788–93. CA 21, 2435. Spectrum and origin of P glow.
H. J. EmelÉusand R. H. Purcell, Ibid. 1928, 628–30. CA 22, 2109. Origin of P glow.
W. N. Hartley, Proc. Roy. Soc. London 54, 5–7 (1893);
W. N. Hartley, Chem. News 67, 279 (1893).
W. N. Hartley, CZ 64 II, 249 (1893). O2-H2 fl. spectra of P, S, Se, Te, and many metals.
J. Guest, Dipl. Tech. thesis, Univ. of Aston in Birmingham, Birmingham, Eng., 1961 (from Ref. 367). P continuum in fl.
R. Miller, Dipl. Tech. thesis, Univ. of Aston in Birmingham, Birmingham, Eng., 1963 (from Ref. 367). P continuum in fl.
F. M. Page and D. E. Woolley, Anal. Chem. 40, 210–2 (1968). Mechanism of thermionic fl. detector for P.
R. K. Skogerboe, Ann S. Gravatt and G. H. Morrison, Anal. Chem. 39, 1602–5 (1967). Fs. detn. of P by lines, PO bands, and continuum.
K. A. Hofmann, Lehrbuch der anorganischen Chemie, 2nd ed., Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1919. 744 pp.
Blondlot (no initial), J. pharm. et chimie (iii) 55, 25 (between 1856 and 1863); cf.
Blondlot Compt. rend. 44, 1222 (1857). Fl. detec. of P in toxicology.
D. W. Brite, Anal. Chem. 27, 1815–6 (1955). CA 50, 2363. Fs. detn. of P by continuum in organic compounds.
J. Malinowski, Chem. Anal. (Warsaw) 4, 939–45 (1959). CA 59, 3317; Anal. Abstr. 7, No. 4343. Fp. detn. of Bu3PO4 in kerosine by continuum.
F. J. Dinan, A. Davis and L. E. Tufts, Phosphorus determination by flame photometry, Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Mar. 2, 1961.
A. Davis, F. J. Dinan, E. J. Lobbett, J. D. Chazin and L. E. Tufts, Anal. Chem. 36, 1066–8 (1964). CA 61, 2473. Fs. detn. of P in many compounds by continuum.
W. Schmidt, Beckman Report (Beckman Instruments G.m.b.H., Munich) No. 3, 1964, pp. 8–13. CA 65, 16060. Fs. detn. of Pin organic compounds by PO bands and continuum.
M. Beroza and M.C. Bowman, J. Agr. Food Chem. 14, 625–7 (1966). CA 66, 10159. GC detn. of pesticides with fp. detec. of P.
M. C. Bowman and M. Beroza, J. Ass. Offic. Anal. Chem. 49, 1046–52 (1966). CA 66, 1835. GC detn. of chemosterilants with fp. detec. of P and S.
M. C. Bowman and M. Beroza, Ibid., 1154–7. CA 66, 45522. Similar to Ref. 376.
M. E. Getz, J. Gas Chromatog. 5, 377–9 (1967). CA 67, 72713. GC detn. of pesticides with fp. detec. of P and S.
M. C. Bowman and M. Beroza, J. Ass. Offic. Anal. Chem. 50, 926–33 (1967). CA 67, 72515. Similar to Ref. 379.
M. C. Bowman and M. Beroza, Ibid., 1228–36. CA 68, 38221. Similar to Ref. 379.
R. K. Stevens, Ibid., 1236–42. Similar to Ref. 379.
M. C. Bowman and M. Beroza, J. Agr. Food Chem. 15, 465–8 (1967). CA67, 20675. Similar to Ref. 376.
M. C. Bowman and M. Beroza, Ibid., 651–3, CA 67, 72508. Similar to Ref. 376.
M. C. Bowman and M. Beroza, Ibid. 16, 280–3 (1968). CA 68, 86173. Similar to Ref. 376.
C. Corley and M. Beroza, Ibid., 361–3. Similar to Ref. 376.
M. C. Bowman and M. Beroza, Ibid., 399–402. CA 69, 1853. Similar to Ref. 376.
M. C. Bowman, M. Beroza, C. H. Gordon, R. W. Miller and N. O. Morgan, J. Econ. Entomol. 61, 358–62 (1968). CA 68, 103941. Similar to Ref. 376.
M. C. Bowman and M. Beroza, Gas chromatographic analysis of pesticide residues with the flame photometric detector, American Chemical Society, Chicago, Sept. 14, 1967.
M. Beroza and M. C. Bowman, Environ. Sci. Tech. 2, 450–7 (1968). CA 69, 2029. Similar to Ref. 379.
M. C. Bowman and M. Beroza, Anal. Chem. 40, 1448–52 (1968). Fpr. for simultaneous detec. of P and S in GC.
Ta-Chiang Liu, T’u Jang T’ung Pao (or Tu Sang Tung Pao), No. 3, 53–5 (1964). CA 62, 2239, 9763. Fp. detn. of PO4 by Ca depression.
A. Karmen, Anal. Chem. 36, 1416–21 (1964). CA 61, 7691. Fl. ionization detec. of P and halogens.
W. A. Aue, D. L. Stalling, C. W. Gehrke, R. C. Tindle and S. R. Koirtyohann, Organophosphate-alkali interaction, Society for Applied Spectroscopy, Chicago, June 1966. Mechanism of Giuffrida detector.
W. A. Aus and C. W. Gehrke, Spectral characteristics of the “thermionic” detector, American Chemical Society, New York, Sept. 1966. Detn. of P or halogen by depression of alkali emission.
T. Kumamaru, Y. Otani and Y. Yamamoto, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 40, 429 (1967). CA 67, 60638. Similar to Ref. 296.
A. Karmen and Laura Giuffrida, Nature 201, 1204–5 (1964). CA 60, 13860. Preliminary to Refs. 393, 398.
Laura Giuffrida, J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 47, 293–300 (1964). CA 61, 3611. Fl. ionization detec. of P in GC.
A. Karmen, pp. 293–336 in Advances in Chromatography, Vol. 2, J. C. Giddings and R. A. Keller, eds., Dekker, New York, 1966. Ionization detectors for GC.
D. Jentzsch, H. G. Zimmermann and I. Wehling, Z. anal. Chem. 221, 377–94 (1966). CA 66, 43357. Detec. of P and halogens by 2-stage fl. ionizn. detector for GC.
K. Abel, K. Lanneau and R. K. Stevens, J. Ass. Offic. Anal. Chem. 49, 1022–7 (1966). CA 65, 20489. Improved Karmen detector (Ref. 393).
L. E. ST. John, JR., and D. J. Lisx, J. Agr. Food Chem. 16, 48–9 (1968). Improved Giuffrida detector (Ref. 398).
T. T. Saturno and W. D. Cooke, The mechanism of the Karmen-Giuffrida detector, American Chemical Society, New York, Sept. 1966.
P. J. Padley, F. M. Page and T. M. Sugden, Trans. Faraday Soc. 57, 1552–62 (1961). CA 57, 202. Ionizn. of alkali metals in H2 fl. by halogens.
J. M. Baldwin and H. V. Malmstadt, A mechanistic investigation of the halogen-sensitized response of the flame ionization/flame photometric detector for gas chromatography, Society for Applied Spectroscopy, Chicago, May 16, 1968.
C. A. Bache and D. J. Lisx, Anal. Chem. 37, 1477–80 (1965). CA 64, 1288. Detector of Ref. 88 for P in GC.
C. A. Bache and D. J. Lisx, Ibid. 38, 1757–8 (1966). CA 66, 1817. Similar to Ref. 406.
C. A. Bache and D. J. Lisk, Ibid. 39, 786–9 (1967). CA 67, 17625. Microwave He discharge for detec. of P, S, Cl, Br, I.
H. A. Moye, Ibid. 1441–5. Microwave Ar-He discharge for detec. of P, Cl, I.
V. G. Alekseeva and S. L. Mandel’shtam, Zhur. Tekh. Fiz.17, 765–80 (1947). CA 46, 1911. Emission of As, etc., in inner cone of air-C2H2 fl.
W. J. Carnes and J. A. Dean, Analyst 87, 748–51 (1962). CA 57, 15778. Light guide for fsy.; As, etc., in 02-C2H2 fl.
B. Meyer, J. Molec. Spectry. 18, 443–50 (1965). CA 64, 5950. Analysis of AsO spectra.
W. N. Hartley and H. Ramage, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. (ii) 7, 339–52 (1901). Band spectra of As, etc., in O2-H2 fl.
E. N. Shawhan and F. Morgan, Phys. Rev. 47, 199 (1935). AsO spectrum in fl.
P. Volpicelli, Atti Accad. Lincei 16, 91–3 (1862). Cf. Ref. 416.
P. Volpicelli, Compt. rend. 57, 571–4 (1863). As in O2-H2 It
J. Herpertz, The spectra of arsenic and the Geissler tube spectrum of antimony, Dissertation, Bonn, 1906;
J. Herpertz,Z. wiss. Phot. 4, 175–97 (1906). In flames also.
H. J. EmelÉus, J. Chem. Soc. 1927, 783–8. CA 21, 2435. Glow of As.
H. J. Emeléus , Ibid. 1929, 1846–8. CA 24, 1296. Glow and fl. of As.
J. A. Dean and R. E. Fues (or Fues and Dean), Determination of arsenic by flame emission spectrometry, Society for Applied Spectroscopy, Chicago, May 14, 1968.
O. Enriquez-Isava and J. Posada-Valencia, Rev. Univ. Ind. Santander 5, 418–21 (1963). CA 59, 5761. Indir. fs. detn. of As via Ag.
R. M. Dagnall, K. C. Thompson, and T. S. West, Talanta 15 (1968), in press. Detn. of As by at. fluorescence.
Beckman Instruments, Inc., Bull. 7106, Model 979 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Fullerton, Calif., Feb. 1967.
H. L. Kahn, G. E. Peterson and Jane E. Schallis, Atomic Absorption Newsletter 7, 35–9 (1968). Sampling boat for aas.; As, Se, Te.
V. A. Fassel and G. W. Dickinson, Anal. Chem. 40, 247–9 (1968). Detn. of As, etc., in induction torch.
H. E. Collier, JR., The mechanism of spectral excitation of metallic ions by a new high-temperature source, Ph. D. Thesis, Lehigh Univ., June 1955. Univ. Microfilms (Ann Arbor, Mich.), Publ. No. 13037. Dissertation Abstr. 15, 1504. F2-H2 fl.
H. H. Rogers, Ind. Eng. Chem. 51, 309–10 (1959). NF3-H2 fl.
N. Thomas, A. G. Gaydon and L. Brewer, J. Chem. Phys. 20, 369–74 (1952). CA 46, 7434. C2N2 flames.
L. P. Pepkowitz and W. C. Juno, U. S. At. Energy Comm., KAPL-127, declassified 1949. Detn. of Na2O in Na by Hg extn. and fpy.
L. P. Pepkowitz and W. C. Judd, Anal. Chem. 22, 1283–6 (1950). CA 45, 66. See Ref. 429.
L. P. Pepkowitz, W. C. Judd and R. J. Downer, Ibid. 26, 246 (1954). CA 48, 5022. Improvement of Ref. 430.
L. Champeix, R. Darras and J. Duflo, Commisariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Paris, CEA-835, 10 pp., 1958;
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L. Champeix, R. Darras and J. Duflo, J. Nucl. Mater. 1, 113–9 (1959); CA 54, 5335. Improvement of Ref. 430.
J. Minczewski, D. Dancewicz and S. Wasowicz (E. Minchevski, D. Dantsevich and S. Vonsovich), Polish Acad. Sci., Inst. Nucl. Res., Rept. No. 256, 1–8 (1961) (PAN-256! VIII). CA 58, 2841; 59, 9315;
J. Minczewski, D. Dancewicz and S. Wasowicz Nuc. Sci. Abstr. 16, No. 12952 (1962). Like Ref. 430.
J. Minczewski, D. Dancewicz and S. Wasowicz, Acta chim. Acad. Sci. Hung. 33, 51–7 (1962). CA 60, 15132. See Ref. 433.
J. Minczewski, S. Wasowicz and D. Dancewicz, Chem. anal. (Warsaw) 6, 741–8 (1961). Anal. Abstr. 9, 2642;
J. Minczewski, S. Wasowicz and D. Dancewicz, ZaC 201, 152 (1964). See Ref. 433.
J. C. White, A. S. Meyer, JR. and G. Goldberg, Determination of oxygen in higher alkali metals, p. 41 in U.S. At. Energy Comm., ORNL-3243, 134 pp., 1962.
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K. S. Bergstresser, G. R. Waterbury and C. F. Metz, The determination of oxygen in metallic sodium, 8th Conference on Analytical Chemistry in Nuclear Technology, Gatlinburg, Tenn., Oct. 6, 1964. Vacuum distillation and fpy.
A. Fowler and W. M. Vaidya, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A132, 310–30 (1931). CA 25, 5092. Fl. spectrum of CS2.
G. Merz, Répertoire de chimie pure 1861, p. 185. Blue of H2 fl. on H2SO4.
W. F. Barrett, Phil. Mag. 30, 321–9 (1865).
W. F. Barrett, CZ 37, 528 (1866). Detec. of S by blue H2 fl.
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G. Salet, Ann. Physik 137, 171–4 (1869). Behavior of HZ fl. with S.
G. Salet,Bull. soc. chim. France 14, 182–4 (1870). Nature of S in H2 fl.
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G. Salet, CZ 42, 609–10 (1871). Spectrum of S in chilled H2 it
G. Salet, Ibid. 742–5.
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A. J. AngstrÖm, Compt. rend. 73, 369–75 (1871);
A. J. AngstrÖm, CZ 42, 529 (1871).
A. J. AngstrÖm, Phil. Mag. 42, 395–9 (1871);
A. J. AngstrÖm, CZ42, 769 (1871).
A. J. AngstrÖm, Ann. Physik 144, 300–7 (1872);
A. J. AngstrÖm, CZ 43, 17 (1872). Spectra of S, etc.
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J. M. Eder and E. Valenta, CZ 69 II, 246 (1898). Spectra of S.
F. Schlagdenhauffen and Pagel(no initials), Compt. rend. 128, 1170–2 (1899).
F. Schlagdenhauffen CZ 70 I, 1269 (1899) (wrong page nos.). Blue of S or Sein H2 fl.
E. Sell, Ber. deut. chem. Ges. 7, 1522–3 (1874).
E. Sell, CZ 46, 17 (1875). NO-CS2 fl. as light source.
H. W. Vogel,Ibid. 8, 96–8 (1875). Spectrum of Sell’s lamp.
H. W. Vogel, Practische Spectralanalyse, 2nd ed., Part I, 515 pp., R. Oppenheim, Berlin, 1874; pp. 300–2. Spectrum of NO-CS2 fl.
R. J. Strutt(later Lord Rayleigh) and A. Fowler, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A86, 105–17 (1912). CA 6, 1091. Spectrum of CS2 fl., etc.
A. G. Gaydon and G. Whittingham, Ibid. A189, 313–25 (1947). CA 42, 4066. Spectra of flames containing S oxides.
F. Brinsley and S. Stephens,Nature 157, 622 (1946). CA 40, 5223. S2 bands in coal-gas fl.
R.A. Durie,Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 63A, 1292–4 (1950). CA 45, 4556. Spectra of various F2 flames.
C. P. Fenimore and G. W. Jones, J. Phys. Chem. 69, 3593–7 (1965). CA 63, 15842. Fate of S in O2-H2 fl.
R. G. W. Norrish,Science 149, 1470–82 (1965). CA 63, 14109. Spectral study of photoflash reactions; S compounds, etc.
R. G. W. Norrish and G. A. Oldershaw,Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A249, 498–512 (1958). CA 54, 17041. Flash photolysis of S oxides; spectrum of SO.
W. L. Crider,Anal Chem. 37, 1770–3 (1965). CA 64, 4152. Fp. monitor for SO2 and HZSO4 in air.
W. L. Crider,p. 67 in Analysis Instrumentation, Vol. 4, Proc. 12th Anal. Instr. Symp., Houston, May 1966; Plenum, New York, 1967. See Ref. 458.
D. E. Mann, H. P. Broida and B. E. Squires,J. Chem. Phys. 22, 348–9 (1954). CA 48, 5657. Spectra of flames contg. CF4.
J. Papish, J. Phys. Chem. 22, 430–2 (1918). CA 12, 1941. Behavior of S, Se, Te in flames.
M. Miyanisi,Sci. Papers Inst. Phys.-Chem. Research (Tokyo) 37, 79–84 (1940). CA 34, 3985. Band spectra of S and Se.
A. N. Singh and D. K. Rai, J. Chem. Phys. 43, 2151–2 (1965). CA 63, 15580. Dissociation energies of S2 and SO.
T. M. Sugden and A. Demerdache,Nature 195, 596 (1962). CA 57, 10662. Spectrum of S2 in H2 fl.
M. Charton,Combustion des mélanges gazeux, Société des Editions, Paris, 1958; p. 639. S continuum in H2 fl.
M. C. Bowman and M. Beroza,J. Agr. Food Chem. 15, 894–7 (1967). CA 67, 107427. GC detn. of insecticides with fp. detec. of S.
M. C. Bowman and M. Beroza,J. Ass. Offic. Anal. Chem. 50, 940–1 (1967). CA 67, 89829. Similar to Ref. 466.
J. C. Maitlen, L. M. Mcdonough and M. Beroza,J. Agr. Food Chem. 16, 549–53 (1968). Similar to Ref. 466.
D. C. Cullum and D. B. Thomas,Analyst 84, 113–6 (1959). CA 53, 16814. Indirect fp. detn. of sulfate via Ba.
D. C. Cullum and D. B. Thomas,Ibid. 85, 688–9 (1960). CA 55, 5236. Modification of Ref. 469.
D. Alt,Landwirtsch. Forsch. 16, 278–84 (1964). CA 60, 13556. Indirect fp. detn. of sulfate via Ba.
R. K. Stevens, A. E. O’keeffe, G. C. Ortman and C. R. Feldman, An absolute calibration of the response of a flame photometric detector to reactive sulfur-containing compounds at sub-ppm levels, Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Cleveland, March 1968.
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P. Lenard, Ann. Physik (iv) 9, 642–50 (1902).
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R. BÖttger, Jahresber. physik. Vereins Frankfurt 1860–61, 65.
R. BÖttger, CZ 34, 404 (1863);
R. BÖttger, ZaC 1, 357 (1862). Fl. spectra of Se, HgSe, CaF2.
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G. Weather, CZ 35, 404 (1864) (vol. no. wrong). Fl. spectra of Te, Se, Pb.
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Gilbert, P.T. (1970). Nonmetals. In: Mavrodineanu, R. (eds) Analytical Flame Spectroscopy. Philips Technical Library. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-01008-0_5
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