Abstract
Of all the ideologies competing for followers in the early twentieth century, socialism appeared to have the greatest chance of achieving its objectives. Politically oriented intellectuals turned to it by the thousands. In each of the industrialized countries of Western Europe socialist parties grew rapidly. After 1917 the international socialist movement split in two, but socialism continued to prosper in the 1920’s. Socialist prime ministers led coalition cabinets in several Western countries, while Bolsheviks ruled the empire of the Romanovs. The various socialist parties could expect to poll as much as 40 per cent of the popular vote in such countries as Germany and Great Britain. During the Depression of the 1930’s many intellectuals arrived at the conclusion that capitalism had demonstrated its bankruptcy as a socioeconomic system once and for all.
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Notes
The Simple Case for Socialism, by G. D. H. Cole (Gollancz, London, 1935), pp. 7–18. Reprinted by permission of Mrs. M. I. Cole and Victor Gollancz, Ltd.
Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis, by Ludwig von Mises, trans. J. Kahane (Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., 1951), pp. 511–15. Reprinted by permission of Professor Ludwig von Mises.
The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, by John Maynard Keynes (Harcourt, Brace, New York, 1936), pp. 372–84. Reprinted by permission of Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc.; Macmillan and Co., Ltd.; and the Trustees of the Estate of Lord Keynes.
Freedom, Power, and Democratic Planning, by Karl Mannheim (Oxford University Press, New York, 1950), pp. 3–21 and 315–17. Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press and Routledge and Kegan Paul, Ltd. Copyright 1950 by Oxford University Press.
Cf. Gilfillan, S. C., The Sociology of Invention (Chicago, 1935).
Ogburn, W. F., Social Change (New York, 1929).
From An Essay on the Government of Dependencies, ed. with • an Introduction by C. P. Lucas (Oxford, 1891), p. xlv.
Mumford, Lewis, Faith for Living (New York, 1940), p. 149.
‘It is argued that the economic opportunities for investment available in the 19th century were the consequence of there being vast uncultivated or semi-cultivated areas and great demand for goods by an increasing population. More recently, it is argued, the basic capital installations—mines, railways, factories, tele-communications, etc.—have been provided and required, not total replacement, but only maintenance, repair and improvement. Even such improvement, it is argued, gives more productive results with less capital outlay than before. Hence, economic expansion is to be sought by more intensive cultivation, industrial or otherwise, of the opportunities still remaining. Even then it is thought difficult to discover ways of using all the natural savings and feared that in default of a comprehensive fiscal policy some of the savings may be simply sterilised by hoarding.’ H. Finer, The T.V.A. (Montreal, 1944), p. 218, note 2.
Hansen, A. H., Fiscal Policy and Business Cycles (New York, 1941), ch. vi.
Easum, Chester V., Karl Schurz (Weimar, 1937).
Baron, Salo W., A Social and Religious History of the Jews (New York, 1937).
Bettelheim, Bruno, ‘Concentration Camps, German,’ Ten Eventful Years (Chicago, 1947), vol. 2.
Bloch, Herbert A., ‘The Personality of Inmates of Concentration Camps,’ American Journal of Sociology (Jan. 1947), vol. 52.
Bramsted, Ernest K., Dictatorship and Political Police (London, 1945).
Kautsky, Benedict, Teufel und Verdammte (Zurich, 1946).
Kogon, Eugen, Der SS-Staat (Berlin, 1947).
Rousset, David, The Other Kingdom (New York, 1947).
Coulton, G. G., The Medieval Village (Cambridge, 1925).
For sociological definitions see Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, trans. A. M. Henderson and Talcott Parsons, ed. with an Introduction by Talcott Parsons (New York, 1947), pp. 140, 238–45.
Cahn, Edmond N. (ed.), Social Meaning of Legal Concepts (New York, 1948), no. 1, ‘Inheritance of Property and the Power of Testamentary Disposition.’ (An annual conference conducted by the New York University School of Law.)
Cf. Brady, R. A., Business as a System of Power (New York, 1943).
Schumpeter, Joseph A., Business Cycles (New York, 1939).
See, for instance, the observations made in the recent social development in Central Asia by G. and M. Wilson, The Analysis of Social Change (Cambridge, 1945).
Cf. Cooley’s idea of over-formalization, ‘Formalism and Disorganization,’ Social Organization (New York, 1924), ch. XVI.
For a case study of a radio-manipulated public scare and the confusion of the public, cf. Cantril, Hadley, The Invasion from Mars (Princeton, 1940).
Lippmann, Walter, Public Opinion (New York, 1922; Pelican, 1946).
Parsons, Talcott, ‘The Professions and Social Structure,’ Social Forces (May, 1939), vol. 17, pp. 457–87.
Steed, Wickham, The Press (London, 1938, Penguin ed.).
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Cole, G.D.H., von Mises, L., Keynes, J.M., Mannheim, K., Ricoeur, P., Bradbury, M. (1968). Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. In: Wagar, W.W. (eds) Science, Faith, and Man. The Documentary History of Western Civilization. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-00381-5_8
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