Abstract
By definition the innovating schools were in protest, were asserting their differences, with theory and practice to support their claims. By definition they were enthusiasts who not only protested against something but also urged a positive alternative with conviction. But these schools urged different alternatives — some were for boys or girls only, others were co-educational: some were boarding schools, some day: some were based on religious convictions, some were firmly rationalist, some were neutral: some accepted a hierarchy of authority in the school, others rendered it minimal. I wish to describe the growth of schools to give historical context to this study of unorthodoxy in education. When we know which schools we have to consider we can see the principles and practices which distinguish them one from the other within the broad progressive category.
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Notes
For two accounts of this period of more than forty years see G. A. N. Lowndes, The Silent Social Revolution (Oxford, 1937), pp. 3–30, and
Edmond Holmes, What Is and What Might Be (London, 1911). Holmes was Chief Inspector at the Board and the first part of his book written just after retirement was a condemnation of the Revised Code on moral, educational, and psychological grounds.
See also C. Duke, ‘Robert Lowe — A Reappraisal’ in British Journal of Educational Studies, vol. xiv, no. i (Nov. 1965). pp. 19–195.
For detailed references see E. C. Mack, Public Schools and British Opinion since 1860 (New York, 1940, pp. 11, 12, 14.
G. R. Parkin, Edward Thring (London, 1900), p. 146.
See W. H. G. Armytage, Heavens Below (London, 1961), pp. 370–3704.
J. H. Badley, Memories and Reflections (London, 1955), p. 119.
See C. Reddie, ‘The Relation of Abbotsholme to Bedales’, in The Abbotsbolmian, vol. ii, no. 3, July 1908, pp. 13–136.
One account of this development appears in J. H. Badley, Bedales: A Pioneer School (London. 1923), p. 69. Another account is in Memories and Reflections, p. 136.
F. Whitbourn, Lex: Alexander Devine Founder of Clayesmore School (London, 1937), p. 221.
A. S. Neill, ‘My Scholastic Life: 2’, in Id, Journal of the Summerhill Society, no. 3, Oct. 1960, p. 4.
The Independent Progressive School, ed. H. A. T. Child (London, 1962), pp. 90–901.
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© 1968 W. A. C. Stewart
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Stewart, W.A.C. (1968). The Growth of Schools 1889–1898. In: The Educational Innovators. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-00120-0_1
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