Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Theatre and Performance History ((PSTPH))

  • 140 Accesses

Abstract

Whenever Ireland and the Irish are portrayed or discussed in the media, it is often through recourse to centuries-old stereotypes. When the twelfth-century Norman chronicler, Gerald of Wales, wrote of the Irish that they were “a wild and inhospitable people” who were nevertheless incomparably skilled musicians, he was contributing to the construction of a set of characteristics, behaviors, and personality traits that would often be returned to. A number of recent news items illustrate how longstanding stereotypes continue to influence people’s perceptions of the Irish. In January 2011, the Irish American website Irish Central carried a report headlined “Australian immigrants complain about fighting Irish image.” Accompanying the report is an excerpt from an Australian current affairs television show, concerning the reactions of residents to the behavior of clientele frequenting a bar in their neighborhood. Against a backdrop of Irish music and Guinness signs, the item includes CCTV footage of drunken brawls taking place on the street outside the bar. When one of the residents is asked “Who are these people?” she replies “Well a lot of them are Irish.” Another resident confirms this perception, stating that “I’m sure they couldn’t get away with it in County Kerry or wherever the hell they come from.” In March 2012 the Irish Independent reported that an Australian employer had placed an advertisement for bricklayers but had stipulated that no Irish need apply.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Gerald of Wales, The History and Topography of Ireland, trans. J. J. O’Meara, rev. ed. (London: Penguin, 1982), 101,103; “Australian immigrants complain about fighting Irish image,” Irish Central, January 14, 2011, http://www.irish-central.com/news/Australian-immigrants-complain-about-fighting-Irish-image—-SEE-VIDEO-113578919.html ; “Australian Embassy blasts racist advert asking ‘no Irish’ to apply for bricklaying job,” Irish Independent, March 12, 2012, http://www.independent.ie/national-news/australian-embassy-blasts-racist-advert-asking-no-irish-to-apply-for-bricklaying-job-3047010. html ; “Australia visa in jeopardy for rowdy Irish Down Under,” Australian Visa Bureau, May 9, 2012, http://www.visabureau.com/australia/news/09–05–2012/australia-visa-in-jeopardy-for-rowdy-irish-down-under.aspx.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Vincent J. Cheng, Inauthentic: The Anxiety over Culture and Identity (Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2004), 29, 32;

    Google Scholar 

  3. Diane Negra, “Irishness, Innocence, and American Identity Politics before and after September 11,” in The Irish in Us: Irishness, Performativity and Popular Culture, ed. Diane Negra (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006), 355;

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Diane Negra, “The New Primitives: Irishness in Recent US Television,” Irish Studies Review 9, no. 2 (2001): 229–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Dale T. Knobel, Paddy and the Republic: Ethnicity and Nationality in Antebellum America (Scranton, PA: Wesleyan University Press, 1986), 4;

    Google Scholar 

  6. Dale T. Knobel, “‘Celtic Exodus’: The Famine Irish, Ethnic Stereotypes, and the Cultivation of American Racial Nationalism,” Radharc 2 (2001): 8.

    Google Scholar 

  7. William H. A. Williams, ‘Twas Only an Irishman’s Dream: The Image of Ireland and the Irish in American Popular Song Lyrics 1800–1920 (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kevin Kenny, The American Irish: A History (Essex: Longman, 2000), 8;

    Google Scholar 

  9. Lawrence J. McCaffrey, The Irish Diaspora in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976), 67;

    Google Scholar 

  10. James P. Byrne, “The Genesis of Whiteface in Nineteenth Century American Popular Culture,” MELUS 29, no. 3/4 (2004): 145;

    Google Scholar 

  11. Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2008), 49.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Deirdre Moloney, “Who’s Irish? Ethnic Identity and Recent Trends in Irish American History,” Journal of American Ethnic History 28, no. 4 (2009): 106.

    Google Scholar 

  13. John F. Dovidio et al., eds., SAGE Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination (London: SAGE, 2010), 8.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Dale T. Knobel, “A Vocabulary of Ethnic Perception: Content Analysis of the American Stage Irishman, 1820–1860,” American Studies 15 (1981): 48.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Dovidio et al., SAGE Handbook, 217; Rupert Brown, Prejudice: Its Social Psychology (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 84;

    Google Scholar 

  16. C. Neil Macrae, Charles Stangor, and Miles Hewston, eds., Stereotypes and Stereotyping (New York: Guilford Press, 1996), 13, 24.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age, 2nd ed., (New York: Hill and Wang, 2007), 5; Table XXIX—Total and urban population at each census: 1790 to 1900 and Table XLV—Number of immigrants to the United States: 1821 to 1900, Twelfth Census of the United States—1900—Census Reports Volume I—Population Part 1, Section 1, Statistics of Population, lxxxiii, United States Census Bureau, https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kenny, The American Irish, 46; Patrick J. Blessing, “The Irish,” in Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, ed. Stephan Thernstrom (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1980), 528–29;

    Google Scholar 

  19. Leonard Dinnerstein and David Reimers, Ethnic Americans: A History of Immigration and Assimilation (New York: New York University Press, 1977), 11.

    Google Scholar 

  20. McCaffrey, The Irish Diaspora, 62–3; Blessing, “The Irish,” 530–31; Kerby A. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), 328.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles, 315; Kevin Kenny, “Labor and Labor Organizations,” in Making the Irish American: History and Heritage of the Irish in the United States, ed. J. J. Lee and Marion R. Casey (New York: New York University Press, 2006), 354, 356; Blessing, “The Irish,” 529, 531;

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hasia Diner, Erin’s Daughters in America: Irish Immigrant Women in the Nineteenth Century (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), 31, 77, 80–3.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Blessing, “The Irish,” 528, 531; Timothy J. Meagher, ed., From Paddy to Studs: Irish-American Communities in the Turn of the Century Era, 1880 to 1920 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1986), 8;

    Google Scholar 

  24. David N. Doyle, Irish Americans, Native Rights and National Empires: The Structure, Divisions and Attitudes of the Catholic Minority in the Decade of Expansion 1890–1901 (New York: Arno Press, 1976), 46.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Andrew M. Greeley, The Irish Americans: The Rise to Money and Power (New York: Harper and Row, 1981), 111;

    Google Scholar 

  26. Nathan Glazer and Daniel P. Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Point: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians and Irish of New York City (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1970), 217;

    Google Scholar 

  27. Kathleen Donovan, “Good Old Pat: An Irish-American Stereotype in Decline,” Eire-Ireland 15 , no. 3 (1980): 9; Ellen Skerret, “The Development of Catholic Identity among Irish Americans in Chicago, 1880–1920,” in From Paddy to Studs, 133; Meagher, From Paddy to Studs, 9;

    Google Scholar 

  28. William V. Shannon, The American Irish: A Political and Social Portrait (New York: Collier, 1974), 142.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Cited Maureen Waters, The Comic Irishman (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1984), 41.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Jeffrey H. Richards, “Brogue Irish Take the American Stage, 1767–1808,” New Hibernia Review 3, no. 3 (1999): 48.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Knobel, “Vocabulary of Ethnic Perception,” 47; Albert F. McLean Jr., American Vaudeville as Ritual (Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 1965), 3.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Robert M. Lewis, ed., From Traveling Show to Vaudeville: Theatrical Spectacle in America, 1830–1910 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 215.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Robert K. Barnhart and Sol Steinmetz, eds., Chambers Dictionary of Etymology (Edinburgh: Chambers, 2006), 1195; McLean, American Vaudeville, 18;

    Google Scholar 

  34. Joe Laurie Jr., Vaudeville: From the Honky-Tonks to the Palace (New York: Henry Holt, 1953), 10.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Robert W. Snyder, The Voice of the City: Vaudeville and Popular Culture in New York, 2nd ed., (Chicago: I. R. Dee, 2000), 12; Lewis, From Traveling Show to Vaudeville, 315.

    Google Scholar 

  36. “Variety: The Class of Amusement Known by that Title,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, January 21, 1877; Snyder, Voice of the City, 18–19; Shirley Staples, Male-Female Comedy Teams in American Vaudeville 1865–1932 (Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1984), 3; Midway cited Lewis, From Traveling Show to Vaudeville, 320.

    Google Scholar 

  37. McLean, American Vaudeville, 3, 24; John Springhall, The Genesis of Mass Culture: Show Business Live in America, 1840–1940 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 175, 177.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  38. Armond Fields, Tony Pastor, Father of Vaudeville (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co., 2007), 44, 186, 179. 37.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Douglas Gilbert, American Vaudeville: Its Life and Times (New York: Dover Publications, 1940), 61. 38. Williams, ‘Twas Only An Irishman’s Dream, 130, 128; Snyder, Voice of the City, 111, 107. 39.

    Google Scholar 

  40. James M. Nelson, “From Rory and Paddy to Boucicault’s Myles, Shaun and Conn: The Irishman on the London Stage, 1830–1860,” Eire-Ireland 13, no. 3 (1978): 91–2.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Robert C. Allen, “Vaudeville and Film, 1895–1915: A Study in Media Interaction” (PhD dissertation, University of Iowa, 1977), 5; Tom Gunning, “The Cinema of Attractions: Early Film, Its Spectator and the Avant-Garde,” in Early Cinema: Space, Frame, Narrative, ed. Thomas Elsaesser (London: BFI: 1990), 60;

    Google Scholar 

  42. Michael Chanan, The Dream That Kicks: The Prehistory and Early Years of Cinema in Britain, 2nd ed., (London: Routledge, 1996), 132.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Lewis Jacobs, The Rise of the American Film, cited Joseph M. Curran, Hibernian Green on the Silver Screen: The Irish and American Movies (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989), 18–19;

    Google Scholar 

  44. Ruth Barton, Irish National Cinema, 2nd ed., (London: Routledge, 2005), 19;

    Google Scholar 

  45. Kevin Rockett, “The Irish Migrant and Film,” in Screening Irish-America: Representing Irish-America in Film and Television, ed. Ruth Barton (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2009), 27, 17.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Patrick G. Loughney, “In the Beginning Was the Word: Six Pre-Griffith Motion Picture Scenarios,” in Early Cinema: Space, Frame, Narrative, ed. Thomas Elsaesser (London: BFI, 1990), 211.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Gilbert, American Vaudeville, 62; Robert W. Snyder, “The Irish in Vaudeville,” in Making the Irish American: History and Heritage of the Irish in the United States, eds. J. J. Lee and Marion R. Casey (New York: New York University Press, 2006), 406.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Mick Moloney, “Irish-American Popular Music,” in Making the Irish American: History and Heritage of the Irish in the United States, eds. J. J. Lee and Marion R. Casey (New York: New York University Press, 2006), 387;

    Google Scholar 

  49. Frank Cullen, Vaudeville Old and New: An Encyclopedia of Variety Performers in America, Vol. 1 (New York: Routledge, 2007), 960.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Susan Kattwinkel, Tony Pastor Presents: Afterpieces from the Vaudeville Stage (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 1998), 6.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Stephanie Rains, The Irish-American in Popular Culture 1945–2000 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2007), 145, 149–51, 157–58.

    Google Scholar 

  52. M. Alison Kibler, Rank Ladies: Gender and Cultural Hierarchy in American Vaudeville (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 58.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Copyright information

© 2015 Jennifer Mooney

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mooney, J. (2015). Introduction. In: Irish Stereotypes in Vaudeville, 1865–1905. Palgrave Studies in Theatre and Performance History. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-47662-3_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics