Abstract
Over the course of the last decade, countries commonly designated as ‘emerging powers’ have taken on an increasing role, not only in contributing materially to international efforts at keeping, building and enforcing peace, but — more primordially — in giving conceptual contours to what vision of peace underpins these efforts. The IBSA countries — India, Brazil and South Africa — combine political and material factors (such as democracy, participation in peace operations and an openly revisionist diplomatic agenda) to provide the most cogent example of rising powers’ behaviour in this area. As each state is grounded in its own national and regional traditions, the present analysis focuses on those common factors in their approach to peace that derive from their condition as emerging powers. When placed in this context, therefore, their interaction with the concept of peace will here be primarily viewed through the lens of their relative position in the international system.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 31ff.
Kai M. Kenkel, ‘Out of South America to the Globe: Brazil’s Growing Stake in Peace Operations’, in South America and Peace Operations: Coming of Age, ed. Kai M. Kenkel (London: Routledge, 2013), 85–110.
Pu Xiaoyu, “Socialisation as a Two-way Process: Emerging Powers and the Diffusion of International Norms,” Chinese Journal of International Politics 5 (2012): 341–367;
Brian L. Job and Anastasia Shesterinina, “China as a Global Norm-Shaper: Institutionalization and Implementation of the Responsibility to Protect,” in Implementation & World Politics: How International Norms Change Practice, eds Alexander Betts and Phil Orchard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 144–159.
Rohan Mukherjee and David M. Malone, ‘From High Ground to High Table: The Evolution of Indian Multilateralism’, Global Governance 17 (2011): 325.
United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2013 The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World (New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2013), http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf, accessed 21 June 2014; United Nations Development Programme Brazil (2013) ‘Ranking IDHM Municípios 2010’, http://www.pnud.org.br/atlas/ranking/Ranking-IDHM-Municipios-2010.aspx, accessed 21 June 2014.
Instituto Pereira Passos and Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, ‘Tabela 1172 — Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH), porordem de IDH, segundoosbairrosougrupo de bairros’, 2010, http://www.armazemdedados.rio.rj.gov.br/arquivos/1172_%C3%ADndice%20de%20desenvolvimento%20humano%20mun icipal%20(idh).xls, accessed 21 June 2014.
Johan Galtung, ‘Violence, Peace, and Peace Research’, Journal of Peace Research 6 (1969): 167–191.
Jacopo J. Waiselfisz, Mapa da Violência 2012: Os Novos Padrões da Violência Homicida no Brasil (São Paulo: Instituto Sangari, 2012), 18.
Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, ‘Figure 2.3: Countries ranked by violent death rate per 100,000 population, 2004–09’, 2011, http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/GBAV2/GBAV2011-Fig-2.3-complete.pdf, accessed 21 June 2014.
See, for example, Leonardo M. Alles, A Política Externa do Governo Lula: da NãoInter-venção à NãoIndiferença (Curitiba: Appris, 2012).
See Barbara Bravo and Paula Drumond, ‘Challenging Modernities in Rio de Janeiro: A Critical Analysis of the “Pacification” Project’, in Controlling Small Arms: Consolidation, Innovation and Relevance in Small Arms Research, eds Peter Batchelor and Kai M. Kenkel (London: Routledge, 2013), 218–235;
Ignácio Cano, ‘Public Security Policies in Brazil: Attempts to Modernize and Democratize versus the Waron Crime’, Sur — International Journal on Human Rights 3 (2006): 133–149;
M. D. Freire, ‘Paradigmas de segurança no Brasil: da ditadura aos nossos dias’, Aurora 5 (2009): 49–58, http://www.marilia.unesp.br/Home/RevistasEletronicas/Aurora/FREIRE.pdf, accessed 21 June 2014.
Arie M. Kacowicz, Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa in Comparative Perspective (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998); G1 (globo.com), ‘Lula defende consolidação da América do Sulcomozona de paz’, http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2010/07/lula-defende-consolidacao-da-america-do-sul-como-zona-de-paz.html, accessed 21 June 2014.
Kai M. Kenkel, ‘South America’s Emerging Power: Brazil as Peacekeeper’, International Peacekeeping 17 (2010): 650–652.
Leslie E. Armijo, ‘The BRICS Countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) as an Analytical Category: Mirage or Insight?’ Asian Perspective 31 (2007): 15–21.
Kai M. Kenkel, ‘Brazil and R2P: Does Taking Responsibility Mean Using Force?’ Global Responsibility to Protect 4 (2012): 3–29.
See Peter Dauvergne and Deborah B. L. Farias, ‘The Rise of Brazil as a Global Development Power’, Third World Quarterly 33 (2012): 908.
Anita Mathur, ‘Role of South–South Cooperation and Emerging Powers in Peacemaking and Peacebuilding’, NUPI Report No. 4 (Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 2014), 34–38, http://www.nupi.no/content/download/495278/1647431/version/15/file/NUPI-Report-4–14-Mathur.pdf, accessed 21 June 2014.
Volker Boege, Anne Brown, Kevin Clements and Anna Nolan, On Hybrid Political Orders and Emerging States: State Formation in the Context of ‘Fragility’ (Berlin: Berghof Foundation, 2008), 6, http://www.berghof-handbook.net/documents/publications/boege_etal_handbook.pdf, accessed 21 June 2014.
Jeremy Allouche and Jeremy Lind, ‘Beyond the New Deal: Global Collaboration and Peacebuilding with BRICS Countries’, IDS Policy Briefing 64 (Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, 2014), 1–2, http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/123456789/3817/1/AD_ID176_PB#59_BeyondNewDeal_2.1.pdf, date accessed 21 June 2014.
Susanne Gratius, ‘Brazil in the Americas: A Regional Peace Broker?’ Working Paper (Madrid: Fundaciónparalas Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior, 2007), 9, http://www.fride.org/download/WP35_BraAmer_ENG_abr07.pdf, accessed 21 June 2014.
Thierry Tardy, ‘Emerging Powers and Peacekeeping: An Unlikely Normative Clash’, Policy Paper 2012/3 (Geneva: Geneva Centre for Security Policy, 2012), 3, 4, http://mercury.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/141118/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/8bfa32fb-ce50–493d-ae8d-bf980e886d3f/en/Emerging+Powers+and+Peacekeeping.pdf, accessed 26 October 2015.
Andrew Hurrell, ‘Hegemony, Liberalism and Global Order: What Space for Would-Be Great Powers?’ International Affairs 82 (2006): 1–19;
see also Daniel Flemes, ‘O Brasil na iniciativa BRIC: soft balancing numa ordem global em mudança?’ Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 53 (2010): 141–156.
Chris Alden and Marco Antonio Vieira, ‘The New Diplomacy of the South: South Africa, Brazil, India and Trilateralism’, Third World Quarterly 26 (2005): 1079;
Oliver P. Richmond, ‘Critical Agency, Resistance and a Post-Colonial Civil Society’, Cooperation and Conflict 46 (2011): 430.
Kai M. Kenkel, ‘Brazil’s Peacebuilding in Africa and Haiti’, Journal of International Peacekeeping 17 (2013): 285.
Kenkel, ‘Brazil’s Peacebuilding in Africa and Haiti’, 288–289; see also Robert Muggah and Ilona Szábo de Carvalho, ‘O Efeito Sul: reflexões críticas sobre o engaja-mento do Brasil com Estadosfrágeis’, RevistaBrasileira de SegurançaPública 5 (2011): 166–176, http://revista.forumseguranca.org.br/index.php/rbsp/article/viewFile/104/101, accessed 21 June 2014.
Adriana E. Abdenur and Danilo Marcondes de Souza Neto, ‘South-South Cooperation and Democracy in Africa: Brazil’s Role in Guinea-Bissau’, Africa Review 5 (2013): 115.
See Laurie Nathan, ‘Interests, Ideas and Ideology: South Africa’s Policy on Darfur’, African Affairs 110/438 (2010): 63.
N. Grobbelaar and Y. Chen with H. Corbett, ‘Understanding South Africa’s Role in Achieving Regional and Global Development Progress’, IDS Policy Briefing 64 (Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, 2014), http://www.ids.ac.uk/publication/understanding-south-africa-s-role-in-achieving-regional-and-global-development-progress, accessed 26 October 2015.
Sean Burges, ‘Brazil’s International Development Co-operation: Old and New Motivations’, Development Policy Review 32 (2014): 360.
Brendan Vickers, ‘Towards a New Aid Paradigm: South Africa as African Development Partner’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs 25 (2012): 552–553.
R. Gowan and S. K. Singh (2013) ‘India and UN Peacekeeping: The Weight of History and Lack of Strategy’, in Shaping the Emerging World Order: India and Multilateralism, eds B. Jones, P. B. Mehta and W. P. S. Sidhu (Washington: Brookings Institution), 178–179.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2016 Kai Michael Kenkel
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kenkel, K.M. (2016). Peace and the Emerging Countries: India, Brazil, South Africa. In: Richmond, O.P., Pogodda, S., Ramović, J. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Disciplinary and Regional Approaches to Peace. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-40761-0_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-40761-0_29
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-40760-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-40761-0
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)