Skip to main content

Abstract

The economics of language can claim different lines of parentage in the discipline of economics. This chapter on the economics of minority languages espouses a specific view, put forward by the late Gary Becker, in his Economic Approach to Human Behavior (1976), according to which economics is characterized less by its subject matter than by its approach. Without necessarily endorsing the full range of assumptions and ideological tenets associated with Becker’s work, this approach opens the door to the application of economic analysis to a wide range of topics, including language-related ones.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 264.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • M. Abley (2003) Spoken Here: Travels among Threatened Languages (Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin Co).

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Abrams and S. Strogatz (2003) ‘Modelling the Dynamics of Language Death’, Nature, 424, 900.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Alarcón (2007) ‘Informationalism, Globalisation and Trilingualism: An Analysis of the Statistics of Linguistic Practices in Small and Medium Companies in Catalonia’, Noves SL, http://www6.gencat.cat/llengcat/noves/hm07tardor-hivern/docs/a_alarcon.pdf

  • J. Ambrose and C. Williams (1981) ‘On the Spatial Definition of Minority: Scale as an Influence on the Geolinguistic Analysis of Welsh’ In E. Haugen (ed.) Minority Languages Today (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press), 53–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • J.-C. Barbier (2012) ‘Une seule bannière linguistique pour une justice globale?’, Revue française de science politique, 62, 469–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Becker (1965) ‘A Theory of the Allocation of Time’, The Economic Journal, 75, 493–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Becker (1976) The Economic Approach to Human Behaviour (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • A.-C. Berthoud, F. Grin and G. Lüdi (eds) (2013) Exploring the Dynamics of Multilingualism (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins).

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Bialystok (2009) ‘Bilingualism: The Good, the Bad, and the Indifferent’, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12, 3–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bialystok and D. Shapero (2005) ‘Ambiguous Benefits: The Effect of Bilingualism on Reversing Ambiguous Fures’, Developmental Science, 8, 595–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Blommaert and B. Rampton (eds) (2011) ‘Language and Superdiversities’, Theme Issue of Diversities, 13, 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • V. Borooah, D. Dineen and N. Lynch (2009) Language and Occupational Status: Linguistic Elitism in the Irish Labour Market (Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, http://rian.ie/en/item/view/50555.html).

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Breton and P. Mieszkowski (1977) ‘The Economics of Bilingualism’ In W. Oates (ed.) The Political Economy of Fiscal Federalism (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books), 263–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • L.-J. Calvet (2004) Essais de linguistique. La langue est-elle une invention des linguistes? (Paris: Plon).

    Google Scholar 

  • I. Camartin (1989) Rien que des mots? Plaidoyer pour les langues mineures (Genève: Zoé) (originally published as Nichts als Worte? Ein Plädoyer für Kleinsprachen, Zürich: Artemis Verlag).

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Carli and U. Ammon (eds) (2007) Linguistic Inequality in Scientific Communication Today, Theme issue 20 of the AILA Review.

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Carr (1985) ‘Le bilinguisme au Canada: l’usage consacre-t-il l’anglais monopole naturel?’ In Vaillancourt F. (ed.) Economie et langue (Quebec: Conseil de la langue française, 27–37).

    Google Scholar 

  • X. Castelló, L. Loureiro-Porto, V. Eguíluz and M. San Miguel (2007) ‘The Fate of Bilingualism in a Model of Language Competition’ In S. Takahashi, J. Sallach, and Rouchier (eds) Advancing Social Simulation: The First World Congress (Tokyo: SpringerVerlag, 83–94).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • D. Chalmers (2003) ‘Economic Impact of Gaelic Arts and Culture’, PhD thesis, Glasgow: Caledonian University.

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Chiswick and P. Miller (1995) ‘The Endogeneity between Language and Earnings: International Analyses’, Journal of Labor Economics, 13, 246–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B. Chiswick and P. Miller (2007) The Economics of Language: International Analyses (London: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Church and I. King (1993) ‘Bilingualism and Network Externalities’, Canadian Journal of Economics, 26, 337–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K. Cordell and S. Wolff (eds) (2004) The Ethnopolitical Encyclopaedia of Europe (London: Palgrave Macmillan).

    Google Scholar 

  • H. De Schutter (2007) ‘Language Policy and Political Philosophy: On the Emerging Linguistic Justice Debate’, Language Problems and Language Planning, 31, 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. De Swaan (2001) Words of the World, The Global Language System (Cambridge: Polity Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Diamond (2012) The World Until Yesterday (London: Allen Lane).

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Dunbar (2006) ‘Is there a Duty to Legislate for Linguistic Minorities?’, Journal of Law and Society, 33, 181–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U. Eco (1994) La recherche de la langue parfaite (Paris: Folio).

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Edwards (1994) Multilingualism (London: Routledge).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • J. Edwards (2012) Multilingualism: Understanding Linguistic Diversity (London: Continuum).

    Google Scholar 

  • FIONTAR Programme (2009) 20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language. Report prepared for the Department of Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs, Dublin: FIONTAR Programme, Dublin City University, www.ahg.gov.ie/en/20YearStrategyfortheIrishLanguage/Publications/Fiontar%20DCU%20report%20on%20the%2020-Year%20Strategy.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Fishman (1982) ‘Whorfianism of the Third Kind: Ethnolinguistic Diversity as a Worldwide Societal Asset’, Language and Society, 11, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Fishman (1989) Language and Ethnicity in Minority Sociolinguistic Perspective (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters).

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Fishman (1991) Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters).

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Fishman (ed.) (2001) Can Threatened Languages Be Saved? (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters).

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Gabszewicz, V. Ginsburgh and S. Weber (2011) ‘Bilingualism and Communicative Benefits’, Annals of Economics and Statistics, 101/102, 271–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Gazzola (2014) The Evaluation of Language Regimes: Theory and Application to Multilingual Patent Organisations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Giles, R. Bourhis and D. Taylor (1977) ‘Towards a Theory of Language in Intergroup Relations’ In H. Giles (ed.) Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations (London: Academic Press), 307–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • V. Ginsburgh, J. Melitz and F. Toubal (2014) ‘Foreign Language Learning: An Econometric Analysis’, CESifo Working Paper Series No. 4923.

    Google Scholar 

  • V. Ginsburgh and J. Prieto-Rodriguez (2011) ‘Returns to Foreign Languages of Native Workers in the European Union’, Industrial and Labor Relations, 64, 599–618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • V. Ginsburgh, S. Weber and S. Weyers (2011) ‘Economics of Literary Translation: A Simple Theory and Evidence’, Poetics, 39, 228–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Grenier (1982) ‘Language as Human Capital: Theoretical Framework and Application to Spanish-Speaking Americans’, PhD Dissertation, University of Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Grin (1990) ‘A Beckerian Approach to Language Use: Guidelines for Minority Language Policy’, Working Paper 0890, Centre de recherche et développement en économique (CRDE), University of Montreal.

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Grin (1992) ‘Towards a Threshold Theory of Minority Language Survival’, Kyklos, 45, 69–97 [reprinted in D. Lamberton (ed.) (2002) The Economics of Language (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar)].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F. Grin (1994a) ‘The Bilingual Advertising Decision’, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 15, 269–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F. Grin (1994b) ‘L’identification des bénéfices de l’aménagement linguistique: la langue comme actif naturel’ In C. Phlipponneau and A. Boudreau (ed.) Sociolinguistique et aménagement des langues (Moncton: Centre de Recherche en Linguistique Appliquée).

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Grin (1996) ‘The Economics of Language: Survey, Assessment and Prospects’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 121, 17–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Grin (2003a) ‘Language Planning and Economics’, Current Issues in Language Planning, 4, 1–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F. Grin (2003b) Language Policy Evaluation and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (London: Palgrave Macmillan).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • F. Grin (2003c) ‘Diversity as Paradigm, Analytical Device, and Policy Goal’ In W. Kymlicka and A. Patten (eds) Language Rights and Political Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 169–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Grin (2004a) ‘On the Costs of Cultural Diversity’ In P. Van Parijs (ed.) Cultural Diversity versus Economic Solidarity: Proceedings of the Seventh Francqui Colloquium (Brussels: De Boeck), 189–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Grin (2004b) ‘L’anglais comme lingua franca: questions de coût et d’équité. Commentaire sur l’article de Philippe Van Parijs’, Économie publique, 15, 33–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Grin (2005) L’enseignement des langues étrangères comme politique publique. Rapport au Haut Conseil de l’évaluation de l’école, Ministère de l’éducation nationale, Paris, http://cisad.adc.education.fr/hcee

  • F. Grin (2009) ‘Promoting Language through the Economy: Competing Paradigms’ In J. M. Kirk and D. P. Ó Baoill (eds) Language and Economic Development (Belfast: Queen’s University Press), 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Grin (2013) ‘50 Years of Economics in Language Policy Critical Assessment and Priorities’, élf Working Paper 13, University of Geneva, Observatoire ÉLF, www.unige.ch/traduction-interpretation/recherches/groupes/elf/documents/elfwp13.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Grin and M. Gazzola (2013) ‘Assessing Efficiency and Fairness in Multilingual Communication’ In A.-C. Berthoud, F. Grin and G. Lüdi (eds) Exploring the Dynamics of Multilingualism (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins), 365–385.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • F. Grin, T. Moring, D. Gorter, J. Hägman, D. Ó Riagáin and M. Strubell (2002) Support for Minority Languages in Europe (Brussels: Report to the Directorate General for Education and Culture, European Commission, http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/policies/lang/langmin/support.pdf).

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Grin, C. Sfreddo and F. Vaillancourt (2010) The Economics of the Multilingual Workplace (London/New York: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Grin and F. Vaillancourt (1998) ‘Language Revitalisation Policy: An Analytical Survey. Theoretical Framework, Policy Experience an Application to Te Reo Māori’, New Zealand Treasury Working Paper 98/06, www.treasury.govt.nz/publications/research-policy/wp/1998/98-06

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Grin and F. Vaillancourt (1999) The Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of Minority Language Policies: Case Studies on Wales, Ireland and The Basque Country. Monograph No. 2 (Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues).

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Haugen (ed.) (1981) Minority Languages Today (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Henley and R. Jones (2005) ‘Earnings and Linguistic Proficiency in a Bilingual Economy’, The Manchester School, 73, 300–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Hočevar (1975) ‘Equilibria on Linguistic Minority Markets’, Kyklos, 28, 337–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Hočevar (1983) ‘Les aspects économiques de la dynamique fonctionnelle des langues’, Language Problems and Language Planning, 7, 135–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Hüning, U. Vogl and O. Moliner (eds) (2012) Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History (Amsterdam: John Benjamins).

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Irriberi and J.-R. Uriarte (2012) ‘Minority Language and the Stability of Bilingual Equilibria’, Rationality and Society, 24, 442–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Jones (2000) ‘The Case of a Shared World Language’ In M. Casson and A. Godley (eds) Cultural Factors in Economic Growth (Berlin: Springer), 210–235.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • A. Kharkhurin (2012) Multilingualism and Creativity (Bristol: Multilingual Matters).

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Krishna and R. Ahluwalia (2008) ‘Language Choice in Advertising to Bilinguals: Asymmetric Effects for Multinationals versus Local Firms’, Journal of Consumer Research, 35, 692–705.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • W. Kymlicka (1995) Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Laakso, A. Sarhimaa, S. Spiliopoulou Åkemark and R. Toivanen (2013) ELDIA. European Language Diversity for All. Summary of the Research Report (University of Vienna, https://fedora.phaidra.univie.ac.at/fedora/get/o:304813/bdef:Content/get).

    Google Scholar 

  • E. La Ferrara (2004) ‘Solidarity in Heterogeneous Communities’ In P. Van Parijs (ed.) Cultural Diversity versus Economic Solidarity: Proceedings of the Seventh Francqui Colloquium (Brussels: De Boeck), 69–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Laitin (2006) ‘Linguistic Nationalism as a Consumption Item’, paper presented at the ECORE Conference on ‘Challenges of Multilingual Societies’, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 9–10 June.

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Leibenstein (1976) Beyond Economic Man (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Liebowitz and S. Margolis (1994) ‘Network Externality: An Uncommon Tragedy’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8, 133–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. MacLeod (2009) ‘Gaelic Language Skills in the Workplace’ In J. Kirk and D. Ó Baoill (eds) Language and Economic Development: Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, and Scotland (Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona, Queen’s University Press), 134–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Makoni and A. Pennycook (eds) (2007) Disinventing and Reconstituting Languages (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters).

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Mateo Aierza (2004) ‘L’usage du basque dans les grandes entreprises de la communauté autonome basque’, in Secrétariat à la politique linguistique: Les pratiques linguistiques dans les entreprises à vocation internationale (Québec: Ministère de la culture et des communications), 55–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • S. May (2003) ‘Misconceiving Minority Language Rights: Implications for Liberal Political Theory’ In W. Kymlicka and A. Patten (eds) Language Rights and Political Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 123–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • S. May (2012) Language and Minority Rights: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and the Politics of Language, 2nd edn (New York: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Mayer (1993) Truth versus Precision in Economics (Aldershot: Edward Elgar).

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Mélitz (2007) ‘The Impact of English Dominance on Literature and Welfare’, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 64, 193–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Michael (1972) The Effect of Education on Efficiency in Consumption (New York: Columbia University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Milligan, D. Chalmers and H. O’Donnell (2013) ‘What Can Gaelic Teach Us about Effective Policy through Planning? Strategies in Gaelic Language Planning’ In A.-C. Berthoud, F. Grin and G. Lüdi (eds) Exploring the Dynamics of Multilingualism (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), 121–136.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • J. Mira and Á. Paredes (2005) ‘Interlinguistic Similarity and Language Death Dynamics’, Europhysics Letters, www.edpsciences.org/articles/epl/abs/2005/06/contents/contents.html

  • A. Okrent (2009) In the Land of Invented Languages (New York: Spiegel & Grau).

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Patrinos and M. Hurst (2007) ‘Indigenous Language Skills and the Labor Market in a Developing Economy: Bolivia’ In B. Chiswick and P. Miller (eds) The Economics of Language: International Analyses (London: Routledge), 473–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Patrinos and E. Velez (1996) ‘Costs and Benefits of Bilingual Education in Guatemala: A partial Analysis’, Human Capital Development Paper No. 74, The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Pennycook (2008) ‘Postmodernism in Language Policy’ In Thomas Ricento (ed.) An Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing).

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Phillipson (2010) Linguistic Imperialism Continued (New York: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Phillipson and T. Skutnabb-Kangas (2013) Book Review of Martin-Jones, Marilyn, Adrian Blackledge and Angela Creese (eds) The Routledge Handbook of Multilingualism (London/New York: Routledge) TESOL Quarterly, 47, 657–659.

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Piron (1994) Le défi des langues. Du gâchis au bon sens (Paris: L’Harmattan).

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Pogge (2003) ‘Accommodation Rights for Hispanics in the United States’ In W. Kymlicka and A. Patten (eds) Language Rights and Political Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 105–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Pool (1991) ‘The World Language Problem’, Rationality and Society, 3, 21–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Portuese (2012) ‘Law and Economics of the European Multilingualism’, European Journal of Law and Economics, 34, 279–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Selten (ed.) (1997) The Cost of European (Non) Communication (Roma: ERA).

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Selten and J. Pool (1990) ‘The Distribution of Foreign Language Skills as a Game Equilibrium’, Language and Society Papers, LD9, University of Washington, Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Sen (1985) Commodities and Capabilities (Amsterdam: North Holland).

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Skutnabb-Kangas (2000) Linguistic Genocide in Education — Or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights? (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum).

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Vaillancourt (1985) ‘Le choix de la langue de consommation’ In F. Vaillancourt (ed.) Economie et langue (Quebec: Conseil de la langue française), 209–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Vaillancourt, R. Champagne and L. Lefebvre (1994) ‘L usage du français au travail par les francophones du Québec: une analyse économique’ In P. Martel and J. Maurais (eds) Langues et sociétés en contact (Tübingen, Schweiz: Niemeyer), 483–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Vaillancourt and O. Coche (2009) Official Language Policies at the Federal Level in Canada: Costs and Benefits in 2006 (Vancouver: Fraser Institute).

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Vaillancourt, D. Lemay and L. Vaillancourt (2007) ‘Laggards No more: The Changed Socioeconomic Status of Francophones in Quebec’ C.D. Howe Institute Backgrounder No. 103.

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Van Parijs (2000) ‘The Ground Floor of the World: On the Socio-Economic Consequences of Linguistic Globalization’, International Political Science Review, 21, 217–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P. Van Parijs (2011) Linguistic Justice for Europe and for the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • J. Walsh (2009) ‘Ireland’s Socio-Economic Development and the Irish Language: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives’ In J. M. Kirk and D. P. Ó Baoill (eds) Language and Economic Development (Belfast: Queen’s University Press), 70–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Watt and A. MacLeòid (2009) ‘Gaelic and Development in the Highlands & Islands of Scotland’ In J. M. Kirk and D. P. Ó Baoill (eds) Language and Economic Development (Belfast: Queen’s University Press), 117–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Wheelan (2011) Introduction to Public Policy (New York/London: Norton).

    Google Scholar 

  • B.-A. Wickström (2005) ‘Can Bilingualism Be Dynamically Stable? A Simple Model of Language Choice’, Rationality and Society, 17, 81–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Wierzbicka (2014) Imprisoned in English: The Hazards of English as a Default Language (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Williams (ed.) (1988) Language in Geographic Context (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters).

    Google Scholar 

  • Y. Xie and M. Gough (2011) ‘Ethnic Enclaves and the Earnings of Migrants’, Demography, 48, 1293–1315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Yaguello (2006) Les langues imaginaires. Mythes, utopies, fantasmes, chimères et fictions linguistiques (Paris: Seuil).

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Zhang and G. Grenier (2012) ‘How Can Language Be Linked to Economics? A Survey of Two Strands of Research’, Language Problems and Language Planning, 37, 203–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2016 François Grin

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Grin, F. (2016). Challenges of Minority Languages. In: Ginsburgh, V., Weber, S. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-32505-1_22

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics