Abstract
When a typical US citizen considers “election monitors,” he or she might consider a team of US observers traveling to other countries, such as Kenya when it held its 2013 national election. In Kenya, according to the Carter Center, “[t]he country has a longstanding history of ethnic-fueled electoral violence, which culminated in postelection violence in 2007–2008 that left more than 1,000 people dead and over 600,000 internally displaced.”1 International election monitoring is provided by organizations worldwide in order “to support efforts to strengthen democratic processes and institutions and to support the conduct of elections that meet international standards, are peaceful, and have credible results.”2
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Notes
Liptak, Adam. 2013. “Voting Rights Act Challenged as Cure the South Has Outgrown.” The New York Times, February 17, 2013, at http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/18/us/politics/supreme-court-to-hear-alabama-countys-challenge-to-voting-rights-act.html?_ r=0, last accessed April 6, 2015.
Hale, Kathleen and Mitchell Brown. 2013. “Adopting, Adapting, and Opting Out: State Response to Federal Voting System Guidelines.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 43(3): 428–451.
See also Hale, Kathleen, Robert Montjoy and Mitchell Brown. 2015. Administering Elections: How American Elections Work. New York: Palgrave.
See Ewald, Alec C. 2009. The Way We Vote: The Local Dimension of American Suffrage. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
Pildes, Richard. 2006. “Introduction” in David L. Epstein, Richard H. Pildes, Rodolfo O. de la Garza, and Sharyn O’Halloran (eds.) The Future of the Voting Rights Act. Russell Sage Foundation: New York.
Grofman, Bernard, Lisa Handley and Richard G. Niemi. 1992. Minority Representation and the Quest for Voting Equality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: page 16.
Pildes, Richard. 2006. “The Future of Voting Rights Policy: From Anti-Discrimination to the Right to Vote.” Howard Law Journal 49(3): 741–765, page 744.
Daniel P. Tokaji. 2006. “If It’s Broke, Fix It: Improving Voting Rights Act Preclearance.” Howard Law Journal 49(3): 785–842.
Hasen, Richard L. 2006. “Congressional Power to Renew Preclearance Provisions” in David L. Epstein, Richard H. Pildes, Rodolfo O. de la Garza, and Sharyn O’Halloran (eds.) The Future of the Voting Rights Act. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Piven, Frances Fox and Richard A. Cloward. 1988. “National Voter Registration Reform: How It Might Be Won.” PS: Political Science and Politics 21(4): 868–875. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/420026.
For more information, see Kropf, Martha and David Kimball. 2012. Helping America Vote? The Limits of Election Reform. Routledge.
Coleman, Kevin J. and Eric A. Fisher. 2014. The Help America Vote Act and Election Administration: Overview and Issues, December 17, 2014, Congressional Research Service, at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS20898.pdf, last accessed January 8, 2015.
Stevens, John Paul. 2008. Crawford v. Marion County Election Board. 553 U.S. 181.
See for example, Tokaji, Daniel P. 2006. “The New Vote Denial: Where Election Reform Meets the New Voting Rights Act.” South Carolina Law Review 57(4): 689–733.
Bowler, Shaun, Todd Donovan, and David Brockington. 2003. Electoral Reform and Minority Representation: Local Experiments with Alternative Elections. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press.
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Kropf, M.E. (2016). The Federal Part of the Institution. In: Institutions and the Right to Vote in America. Elections, Voting, Technology. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-30171-0_4
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