Abstract
One of the challenges facing the future of Cultural Studies is the coherence between conceptual tools and objects of research. That an incongruity between theory and object should have emerged in such a relatively new field was to be expected, perhaps, for in little more than its two decades’ worth the field has struggled to develop a vocabulary of its own while also reining in proliferating agendas. Unlike Psychoanalysis or Gender Studies, which inherited methodologies that new strategies could work through polemically, this discipline has taken on the unenviable dual task of inventing critical tools while targeting objects that have been as varied as they are elusive.The challenge appears to be particularly intense in Postcolonial Studies, whose success in the Anglo-American academy, particularly its French and English Literature departments, seems all but assured, but whose spread to other cognate fields, like German, Russian, or indeed Spanish and Portuguese, has yet to parallel the same hold it enjoys on their Anglo and French counterparts.1
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Notes
See Public Culture, vol. 5, no. 1 (Fall 1992), 89–108; Gayatry C. Spivak, Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Towards a History of the Vanishing Present (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999).
See Paul de Man, Blindness and Insight. Essays on the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism (1972; Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983).
On this subject, what Lezama Lima called counteracting “the American inferiority-complex, as the result of sterile studies of influence that turn American writers into mere witnesses to foreign births,” see Ben A. Heller, Assimilation/Generation/Resurrection. Contrapuntal Readings in the Poetry of José Lezama Lima (Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 1997).
Esteban Pichardo, Pichardo Novisimo, o Diccionario provincial casi razonado de vozes y frases cubanas, ed. Esteban Rodriguez Herrera (1862; Havana: Editorial Selecta, 1953), 204.
See his Del canto y el tiempo (Havana: Editorial letras Cubanas, 1984), 107. For further discussions of punto, see Olavo Alén Rodriguez, Géneros musicales de Cuba. De lo afrocubano a la salsa (San Juan: Editorial Cubanacân, 1992), 108–111
Maria Teresa Linares, “The Décima and Punto in Cuban Folklorel’ Essays on Cuban Music. North American Perspectives, ed. Peter Manuel (New York: University Press of America, 1991)
Alexis Diaz Pimienta, Teona de la improvisación: primeras paginas para el estudio del repentismo (Oiartzun: Sendoa, 1998).
For discussions of Juan Ruiz’s parody, see Félix Lecoy, Recherches sur le Libro de BuenAmor (1938; Farnborough, UK: Gregg International, 1974)
A.N. Zahareas, The Art of Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita (Madrid: Estudios de Literatura Espanola, 1965)
Dayle Seidenspinner-Nunez, The Allegory of Good Love: Parodic Perspectivism in the Libro de Buen Amor (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981).
My capsule biography is based on the following sources: Juan Comas and Berta Becerra, “La obra escrita de Don Fernando Ortiz,” Miscelânea (Havana: Revista Bimestre Cubana, 1955), 347–371
Salvador Bueno, “Don Fernando Ortiz: al servicio de la ciencia y de Cuba,” Temas y personales de la literatura cubana (Havana: Union, 1964), 209–218
Julio Le Riverend, ed., Orbita de Fernando Ortiz (Havana: Union, 1973), 4–51
Jorge Ibarra, “La herencia cien-tifica de Fernando Ortiz,” Revista Iberoamericana, vol. 56, nos. 152–153 (1990), 139–151
Thomas Bremer, “The Constitution of Alterity: Fernando Ortiz and the Beginnings of Latin American Ethnography in the Spirit of Italian Criminology,” Alternative Cultures in the Caribbean, ed. T. Bremer and Ulrich Fleischmann (Frankfurt: Verwuert Verlag, 1993), 119–129
For studies of this moment, see Ana Cairo Ballester, El Grupo Minorista y su tiempo (Havana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1979)
Carlos Ripoll, La generation de 1923 en Cuba (New York: Las Americas Publishing, 1973).
On this subject, see Carlos del Toro Gonzalez, Fernando Ortiz y la Institutión Hispanocubana de Cultura (Havana: Fundación Fernando Ortiz, 1996).
Fernando Ortiz and Rafael A. Fernádez, “Antillas,” in Geografia Universal. Description Moderna del Mundo (Barcelona: Instituto Gallach, 1933)
Max Sorre and Fernando Ortiz, “Antillas,” in Geografia Universal, ed. Paul Vidal de la Blache and L. Gallois (Barcelona: Montaner y Simon, 1936)
The second edition oi Historia de la arqueologia indocubana appeared as part of Mark Harrington, Cuba antes de Colon (Havana: Cultural, 1935)
See Vidal de la Blache’s Principles of Human Geography, ed. Emmanuel de Martonne, trans. Millicent Todd Bingham (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1926), 3
Maximilien Sorre, Rencontres de la Géographie et de la Sociologie (Paris: Librairie Marcel Rivière et Cie., 1957), 9.
Ortiz and Fernandez, Geografia Universal, 205. This statement comes at the end of a passage that discusses Leland H. Jenks, Our Cuban Colony (New York: Vanguard Press, 1928).
For a refutation of Ortiz’s Marxism, see, Julio Le Riverend, “Fernando Ortiz y su obra cubana,” in Orbita de Fernando Ortiz (Havana: Union, 1973), 38
On Ramirez, see Levi Marrero, Cuba: Economia y Sociedad: Azücar, Ilustracióny Conciencia (1763–1868) (Madrid: Editorial Playor, 1979) I, 153
H. E. Friedlaender, Historia económica de Cuba (Havana: Jesus Montero, 1944), 160–161.
See Albert O. Hirschman, “A Generalized Linkage Approach to Development with Special Reference to Staples,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol. 25 (Suppl. 1977), 67–98
Celso Furtado, The Economic Growth of Brazil, trans. R.W. de Aguiar y E.C Drysdale (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968).
On this subject, the best discussion remains Octavio Paz, Claude Lévi-Strauss: An Introduction (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1972).
On Functionalism, see, among other sources: Robert H. Lowie, The History of Ethnological Theory (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1937)
Alexander Lesser, “Functionalism in Cultural Anthropology,” American Anthropologist, vol. 37 (1935), 386–393
Adam Kuper, Anthropologists and Anthropology. The British School, 1922–1972 (London: Allen Lane, 1973), 9–12
Marvin Harris, The Rise of Anthropological Theory. A History of Theories of Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), 514–567
Michael W. Young, “Malinowski and the Function of Culture,” in Creating Culture, ed. Diane J. Austin-Broos (London: Allen & Unwin, 1987), 124–140
S.N. Eizenstadt, “Functional Analysis in Anthropology and Sociology: An Interpretive Essay,” American Review of Anthropology, 19 (1990), 243–260
Leslie A. White, The Concept of Cultural System (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), 147–158
Hector Tejera Gaona, “A.R. Radcliffe-Browne y el estructural-funcionalismo de la escuela de Oxford,” Boletin de Antropologia Americana, vol. 21 (1990), 129–144.
See Melville J. Herskovits, “Applied Anthropology and the American Anthropologists,” Science, vol. 83, no. 214 (marzo 6, 1936), 215–222
See Melville Herskovits, Man and his Works:The Science of Cultural Anthropology (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948).
On hybridity, see Homi Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994)
Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes. Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge, 1992).
Severo Sarduy, “Baroque and Neobaroque,” in Latin America in its Literature, ed. César Fernandez Moreno, trans. Mary Berg (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1980).
See Lezama Lima’s La expresion americana, ed. Irlemar Chiampi (1957; Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1993), 83
See César Augusto Salgado, “Hybridity in New World Baroque Theory,” Journal of American Folklore, vol. 112 (1999), 316–331
See Fernando G. Campoamor, Biografia del ron cubano. El hijo alegre de la cana de azücar (Havana: Editorial Cientifico-Técnica, 1985).
See Lezama Lima, 84–85, and Gilles Deleuze, Le Pli. Leibniz et le Baroque (Paris: Minuit, 1988).
See Vera Leon’s “Juan Francisco Manzano: el estilo bârbaro de la nación,” Hispamérica, vol. XX, no. 60 (December 1991), 3–22.
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© 2005 Enrico Mario Santí
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Santí, E.M. (2005). Fernando Ortiz: Counterpoint and Transculturation. In: Ciphers of History. New Directions in Latino American Cultures. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-12245-2_8
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