Abstract
First-time travelers in the parts of east central and southeastern Europe that once belonged to the Habsburg empire often shake their heads at the bewildering mix of languages they encounter. Each border crossing turns up yet another: one of the various Slavic tongues and their subtle dialects, possibly Magyar, or Latin-based Rumanian, or Italian, even fragments of German here and there. How was it possible, many people ask, to govern so diverse an array of speech communities collectively? To know that mutual self-interest promoted close cooperation between Habsburg rulers and the elites in their various territories for almost three centuries explains something of the hold that the dynasty had over its lands, but not completely. How did it hold together all of its peoples, including the vast body of ordinary humankind who challenged the dynasty and its sociopolitical foundations only under extreme provocation, and openly defied it almost never?
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
W. M. Johnston, The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1972), p. 14. Cf. Steinberg, Salzburg Festival, p. 7.
J. W. O’Malley, The First Jesuits (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), pp. 39–41; Melton, Absolutism, p. 64;
D. Kosáry, Culture and Society in Eighteenth Century Hungary, trans. Z. Béres with the assistance of C. Sullivan (Budapest: Corvina, 1987), pp. 191–2;
W. Michal, ‘Die Darstellung der Affekten auf der Jesuitenbühne’, in G. Hol thus (ed.), Theaterwesen und dramatische Literatur: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Theaters (Tübingen: A. Francke, 1987), pp. 234–5.
Ignatius Loyola, The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius, trans. A. Mottola (Garden City, NY: Image Books, 1964), p. 54.
H. S. Waldeck [pseud.] (ed.), Lese aus Abraham A Sancta Clara (Brixlegg, Tirol: Heimat-Verlag, 1938), p. 38. Trans. P. S. Fichtner.
J. Storey, An Introduction to Cultural Theory and Popular Culture, 2nd edn (London: Prentice Hall, 1997 [1993]), pp. 17–18.
A. Seigfried, ‘Die Dogmatik im 18. Jahrhundert unter dem Einfluß von Aufklärung und Jansenismus’, in E. Kovács (ed.), Katholische Aufklärung und Josephinismus (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1979), pp. 2545;
E. Turczynski, ‘The Role of the Orthodox Church in Adapting and Transforming the Western Enlightenment in Southeastern Europe’, East European Quarterly, 9 (1975), p. 433;
P. Barton, Ignatius Aurelius Feßler: Vom Barockkatholizismus zur Erweckungsbewegung (Vienna: Böhlau, 1969), pp. 30, 49.
L. Bodi, Tauwetter in Wien: Zur Prose der österreichischen Aufklärung, 1781–1795 (Frankfurt: S. Fischer, 1977), p. 106;
D. S. Luft, ‘Austria as a Region of German Culture’, Austrian History Yearbook, 23 (1992), p. 140; R. Bauer, ‘Österreichische Literatur oder Literatur aus Österreich?’, in Kann/Prinz, Deutschland und Österreich, p. 269.
Melton, Absolutism, pp. 83, 93; R. J. W. Evans, ‘Joseph II and Nationality in the Habsburg Lands’, in Scott, Enlightened Absolutism, p. 211; Kosáry, Culture and Society, pp. 102–3; D. Sayer, The Coasts of Bohemia: A Czech History, trans. A. Sayer (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), pp. 68–9, 72.
J. Haider, Die Geschichte des Theaterwesens im Benediktinerstift Seitenstetten im Barock und Aufklärung, Theatergeschichte Österreichs, vol. 4, no. 1 (Vienna: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1973), pp. 78–9, 131, 146, 149–50.
P. Nettl, W. A. Mozart, 1756–1791 (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1955), pp. 55–6.
F. Raimund, ‘Der Verschwender’, in Raimund, Sämtliche Werke (Munich: Winkler, 1960), p. 583. Trans. P. S. Fichtner. See also Magris, Habsburgische Mythos, pp. 80, 82–3.
In J. Nestroy, Nestroys Werke, pt 1, Volksstücke und Possen, ed. O. Rommel (Berlin: Bong and Co., 1908), p. 170. Trans. P. S. Fichtner.
Steinberg, Salzburg Festival, p. 7; J. Boyer, Political Radicalism in Late Imperial Vienna: Origins of the Christian Social Movement, 1848–1897, 2 vols (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981–95), vol. 1, p. 116.
K. A. Schroeder, ‘Kunst als Erzählung: Theorie und Ästhetik der Genremalerei’, in G. Frodl and K. A. Schroeder (eds), Malerei zwischen Wiener Kongreß und Revolution (Munich: Prestel, 1992), pp. 9–34; W. Häusler, ‘Biedermeier oder Vormärz?: Anmerkungen zur österreichischen Sozialgeschichte in der Epoche der bürgerlichen Revolution’, in ibid., pp. 35–45.
E. P. Noether, Seeds of Italian Nationalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1951), p. 118.
Beales, Risorgimento, p. 58; S. Pellico: My Prisons: Le Mie Prigioni, trans. I. G. Capaldi, SJ (London: Oxford, 1963), p. 198.
D. M. Smith, Mazzini (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 3, 38.
G. Barany, ‘The Age of Royal Absolutism, 1790–1848’, in P. Sugar (ed.), A History of Hungary (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1990), p. 180; Jones, Hungarian Writers, pp. xx, xxiv;
L. Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994), pp. 306–7, 312.
A. Moritsch, ‘Der Austroslavismus–ein verfrühtes Konzept zur politischen Neugestaltung Mitteleuropas’, in A. Moritsch (ed.), Der Austroslavismus: ein verfrühtes Konzept zur politischen Neugestaltung Mitteleuropas (Vienna: Böhlau, 1996), pp. 13–14; Magocsi, Ukraine, pp. 389–402;
P. R. Magocsi, The Shaping of a National Identity: Sub- carpathian Rus’, 1848–1948 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978).
On this question generally, see M. Hroch, ‘The Social Composition of the Czech Patriots in Bohemia, 1827–1848’, in P. Brock and H. G. Skilling (eds), The Czech Renaissance of the Nineteenth Century (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970), pp. 33–52. See also Pech, Czech Revolution, pp. 27–8, and Sayer, Coasts, pp. 69–83.
Copyright information
© 2003 Paula Sutter Fichtner
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fichtner, P.S. (2003). From One to Many. In: The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848. European History in Perspective. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10642-1_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10642-1_6
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-333-73728-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-10642-1
eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)