Abstract
Social sciences, which remained mute and indifferent for a long time, now come up against a major difficulty, the issue of nationalism. As a matter of fact they were born in the second half of nineteenth century, at a time when people’s attention was mainly focused on social struggles and, more generally, on the problems raised by industrialisation and urbanisation. Moreover, they were linked to an evolutionist point of view. Social sciences thus tended to ignore—or, at least, to largely underestimate—the weight of politics. Hence they only drew little attention to the role played by the state or to the nature of citizenship; they equally disregarded the foundations of national sentiment and the sudden looming of nationalist passions. The death of nationalism was being simultaneously announced by liberals and by socialists, by supporters of utilitarianism and by prophets of humanism. As a consequence, no major thinker of nationalism emerged at that time; Herder’s writings had no heirs.1 Amazingly, the nationalist acts of violence which were already breaking down the unity of the social body only had little echo in the main sociological theories. Durkheim and Tönnies, Simmel and Pareto, and even Max Weber only attached little importance to such an issue in their own work. Following them, the best European and American sociologists kept ignoring such a way of acting in the social field, which they regard as infrequent in contemporary Western societies.
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Notes
Eugène Kamenka, ‘Nationalism: Ambiguous Legacies and Contingent Factors’, in Aleksandras Shtromas (ed.), The End of “Isms”? Reflections on the Fate of Ideological Politics after Communism’s Collapse, Oxford: Blackwell, 1994, pp. 127–32.
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See Erica Brenner, Really Existing Nationalisms. A Post-Communism View from Marx and Engels, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.
See also Ephraim Nimni, Marxism and Nationalism, London: Pluto Press, 1991.
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Michael Billig, Banal Nationalism, London: Sage, 1995.
See Richard Rudolph and David Good (eds), Nationalism and Empire. The Habsburg Monarchy and the Soviet Union, New York: St. Martins Press, 1992.
See several recent books, such as John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith, Nationalism, Oxford University Press, 1995
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Clifford Geertz, ‘The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States’, in Clifford Geertz (ed.), Old Societies and New States, London: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1963, p. 109.
Reinhard Bendix, Nation-Building and Citizenship Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977, pp. 394, 407, 423.
Michael Hechter, ‘Nationalism as Group Solidarity’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 1, no. 4, October 1978, pp. 377–401.
Only a few authors really took this perspective into consideration. See John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State, University of Chicago Press, 1981
Pierre Birnbaum, States and Collective Action: The European Experience Cambridge University Press, 1988.
James Coleman, ‘Rights, Rationality and Nationality’, in Albert Breton, Gianluigi Galeotti, Pierre Salmon and Ronald Wintrobe (eds), Nationalism and Rationality Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 7 ff.
Russell Hardin, ‘Self Interest, Group Identity’, in Albert Breton et al. (eds) (note 49), pp. 23, 37, 41.
See the remarkable book by Margaret Canovan, Nat onhood and Political Theory, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1996.
Isaiah Berlin, ‘Two Concepts of Nationalism’, New York Review of Books, 21 November 1991.
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Rogers Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed. Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe Cambridge University Press, 1997
Bertrand Sadie, La fin des territoires. Essai sur le désordre international et sur l’identité sociale du respect, Paris: Fayard, 1995.
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Birnbaum, P. (2005). Social Theory and Nationalism. In: Dieckhoff, A., Jaffrelot, C. (eds) Revisiting Nationalism. The CERI series in Comparative Politics and International Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10326-0_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10326-0_4
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